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By: Hareesh M. S. and Deepthi.
1.Nursing Educator, Department of Nursing, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
2.Intensive Care Specialist, Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Jayanagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) represent a diverse group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders characterized by significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent advances have led to the development of a new classification system for idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, dividing them into major, rare, and unclassified groups, with a novel approach based on disease behavior. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains the most fatal ILD, demonstrating considerable clinical heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and disease stratification through biomarkers and imaging are critical for managing IPF and other ILDs. ILDs impact an estimated 650,000 individuals in the United States. Among the various forms, IPF, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and ILD linked to connective tissue disorders are the most frequently diagnosed subtypes. Connective tissue disease-associated ILDs pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with ongoing research focusing on pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Environmental and occupational exposures contribute significantly to ILD development, necessitating thorough history-taking and antigen avoidance in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The recognition of progressive-fibrosing ILD (PF-ILD) has further expanded treatment options, including antifibrotic therapies. Additionally, ILD has emerged as an adverse effect associated with novel therapies, such as antibody-drug conjugates, underscoring the need for vigilant monitoring. Despite progress in classification, diagnosis, and management, ILDs remain complex conditions requiring multidisciplinary approaches and continued research to improve outcomes. The global burden of ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis is substantial, with prevalence rates highlighting the need for enhanced awareness and intervention.
Keywords: Interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, connective tissue disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, progressive-fibrosing ILD
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