Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production

Syed Anas Shah Bacha; Hamza Iftikhar; Wajid Ali Shah; Ranra Jalal; Salman Khan; Saddam Hussain; Syed Majid Rasheed

Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production

Syed Anas Shah Bacha, Hamza Iftikhar, Wajid Ali Shah, Ranra Jalal, Salman Khan, Saddam Hussain, Syed Majid Rasheed | International Journal of Plant Biotechnology | Vol 12, Issue 1 | pp. 31-47 | ISSN: 2456-0162

Abstract

The application rates of nitrogen and seed can significantly improves the quality of nutrients and productivity is wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops. To discourse it, an experiment in field was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan District (SCRI) Sugar Crop Research Institute, Pakistan with the name of “Effect of Different Seed Rates and Nitrogen Application for Obtaining Qualitative and Quantitative Production in Wheat Crop”. This research assessed (150, 120, 90 and 60 Kg ha-1) rates of seeds and different (165, 120, 75, 30 Kg ha-1 and control) levels of nitrogen on the wheat variety Pirsabak-2015. The source of nitrogen was urea and 9 m2 plots were used. The uniform applications of standard practices of agronomy were followed. The outcome illustrates significant impact on the parameters by treatments apart from the emergence days. The rates of seeds from 120 -150 Kg ha-1 showed the greater index of harvest (42%), yield of grain (4,010 kg ha-1), biological yields (10,829 kg ha-1), weight of thousand grains (42g), spikes per m2 (414), grains per spike (52), length of spike (10 cm), height of plant (93 cm), index of leaf area (4.9), tiller per m2 (399) and emergence per m2 (131). The levels of nitrogen from 120 – 165 kg ha⁻¹ produced higher index of harvest (41%), yield of grains (4,139 kg ha⁻¹), biological yields (10, 109 kg ha⁻¹), weight of thousand grains (42g), spikes per m2(381), grains per spike (53), length of spike (11cm), height of plant (98 cm), index of leaf area (4.9) and tiller per m2 (437). The protein of straw (2.9%), protein of grain (11.8%), nitrogen of straw (0.51%) and nitrogen of grain (2.08%) were significantly enhanced by the rates ofnitrogen. Interaction of nitrogen x seed rates was substantial for yield, components of yield, canopy traits and tillering. The joint use of nitrogen 120 kg ha⁻¹ and seed rate 120 kg ha⁻¹ is suggested for the enhancement of the productivity of wheat crops in Mardan region.

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References

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How to cite this article

APA

Bacha, S. A. S., Iftikhar, H., Shah, W. A., Jalal, R., Khan, S., Hussain, S., & Rasheed, S. M. (2026). Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production. International Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 12(1), 31-47.

MLA

Bacha, Syed Anas Shah, et al. “Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production.” International Journal of Plant Biotechnology, vol. 12, no. 1, 2026, pp. 31-47.

Chicago

Syed Anas Shah Bacha, Hamza Iftikhar, Wajid Ali Shah, Ranra Jalal, Salman Khan, Saddam Hussain, and Syed Majid Rasheed. “Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production.” International Journal of Plant Biotechnology 12, no. 1 (2026): 31-47.

Vancouver

Bacha SAS, Iftikhar H, Shah WA, Jalal R, Khan S, Hussain S, Rasheed SM. Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production. International Journal of Plant Biotechnology. 2026;12(1):31-47.

BibTeX

@article{BachaSAS2026,
author = {Syed Anas Shah Bacha and Hamza Iftikhar and Wajid Ali Shah and Ranra Jalal and Salman Khan and Saddam Hussain and Syed Majid Rasheed},
title = {Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production},
journal = {International Journal of Plant Biotechnology},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {31--47},
issn = {2456-0162},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijpb/article=25446}
}

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Abstract

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References

Singh SK, Kumar S, Kashyap PL, Sendhil R, Gupta OP. Wheat. In: Trajectory of 75 years of Indian agriculture after independence. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 137–162.
Chishti MFA, ur Rahman MA, Bilal MQ, Riaz M, Khalid MF, Anwar U, et al. Particle size of wheat straw from genetically improved wheat affects the production performance and feeding behavior of Sahiwal cows. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2025;57(1):16.
Shahzad A, Hamid A, Hussain A, Rashid M, Khan M, Hussain Z. Current situation and future prospects of wheat production in Pakistan. J Life Soc Sci. 2022;2022(1):5–5.
Qureshi TA, Obaid R, Davies S, Rana AW. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa food outlook report: Kharif crops 2021-22. Intl Food Policy Res Inst; 2021.
Ullah B, Lou H, Arif M, Zhang S, Khan HA, Sadozai KN, et al. Optimizing NPK fertilization for enhanced performance of Chinese wheat hybrids under agro-climatic condition of Peshawar Valley. Agronomy. 2024;14(9):1904.
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Singh S, Kumar R, Panchal R, Tiwari MK. Impact of COVID-19 on logistics systems and disruptions in food supply chain. Int J Prod Res. 2021;59(7):1993–2008.
Jatoi FZ. Agriculture in Pakistan and its impact on economic growth. Available at SSRN; 2021.
Larik SA, Amin A, Gul A, Panhwar P, Murtaza Sahito JG, Hua G. Investigating the impact of agricultural credit on wheat farming: Evidence from Pakistan. Agriculture. 2024;14(12):2200.
Grote U, Fasse A, Nguyen TT, Erenstein O. Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in Africa and Asia. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2021;4:617009.
Rahman F, Khan Y, Rahman R. The impact of climate change on Pakistan’s agricultural economy. ASSAJ. 2024;2(4):1236–1254.
Chhokar RS, Kumar N, Sharma RK, Gill SC, Kharub AS, Khippal AK, et al. Improved agronomic practices for enhancing the resource use efficiency and productivity of wheat and barley. In: New horizons in wheat and barley research: Crop protection and resource management. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2022. p. 393–426.
Anjum MM, Arif M. Perspectives of wheat hybrid yield and quality under limited irrigation supply and sowing windows. Gesunde Pflanzen. 2022;74(4):761–770.
Castro J, Hódar JA, Gómez JM. Seed size. In: Handbook of seed science and technology. CRC Press; 2024. p. 397–427.
Sheehan H, Bentley A. Changing times: Opportunities for altering winter wheat phenology. Plants People Planet. 2021;3(2):113–123.
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Carrera CS, Savin R, Slafer GA. Critical period for yield determination across grain crops. Trends Plant Sci. 2024;29(3):329–342.
Wang Z, Khan S, Sun M, Ren A, Lin W, Ding P, et al. Optimizing the wheat seeding rate for wide-space sowing to improve yield and water and nitrogen utilization. Int J Plant Prod. 2021;15(4):553–562.
Iqbal MJ, Shams N, Fatima K. Nutritional quality of wheat. In: Wheat-recent advances. IntechOpen; 2022.
Ejaz K, Ashraf M. Water productivity and economic feasibility of growing rice and wheat on beds in Central Punjab, Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR); 2023. p. 53.
Iqbal J, Zohaib A, Hussain M, Bashir A, Hamza M, Muzaffer W, et al. Effect of seed rate on yield components and grain yield of ridge sown wheat varieties. Pakistan J Agric Res. 2020;33(3):508–515.
Shah F, Coulter JA, Ye C, Wu W. Yield penalty due to delayed sowing of winter wheat and the mitigatory role of increased seeding rate. Eur J Agron. 2020;119:126120.
Pant C, Sah SK. Managing plant population and competition in field crops. Acta Sci Malays. 2020;4(2):57–60.
Othmani A, Ayed S, Rezgui M, Melki M, Teixeira da Silva JA. Water regimes and seeding rates influence grain yield and water use efficiency of three durum wheat varieties. Asian J Res Biosci. 2020;2:30–39.
Mohammed A. Growth and yield response of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) to seed rates and inter-row spacing in Doba District, Oromia, Ethiopia. 2025.
Fazily T. Effect of sowing dates and seed rates on growth and yield of different wheat varieties: a review. Int J Agric Sci Technol. 2021;8:10–26.
Khan N, Fahad S, Naushad M, Faisal S. Economics of agriculture in the world. Available at SSRN 3603274; 2020.
Hayat N, Mustafa G, Alotaibi BA, Nayak RK, Naeem M. Household food consumption pattern in Pakistan: Evidence from recent household integrated economic survey. Heliyon. 2023;9(9).
Abdullah MH, Saboor A, Baig IA, Arshad M. Climate change, risk and food security: an analysis of wheat crop in Pakistan. In: Climate Change Challenge (3C) and Social-Economic-Ecological Interface-Building: Exploring Potential Adaptation Strategies for Bio-resource Conservation and Livelihood Development. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 41–63.
Abbas Q, Yousaf B, Liu G, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Ali MU, Munir MAM, et al. Evaluating the health risks of potentially toxic elements through wheat consumption in multi-industrial metropolis of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017;24(34):26646–26657.
Mokgomo MN, Chagwiza C, Tshilowa PF. The impact of government agricultural development support on agricultural income, production and food security of beneficiary small-scale farmers in South Africa. Agriculture. 2022;12(11):1760.
Neuhaus A, Sadras VO. Relationship between rainfall-adjusted nitrogen nutrition index and yield of wheat in Western Australia. J Plant Nutr. 2018;41(20):2637–2643.
Zhang X, Guo Z, Xu J, Huang C, Dang H, Mu W, et al. Nutrient requirements determined by grain yield and protein content to optimize N, P, and K fertilizer management in China. Sci Total Environ. 2024;946:174187.
Nawaz A, Farooq M, Nadeem F, Siddique KH, Lal R. Rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia: Issues, options and opportunities. Crop Pasture Sci. 2019;70(5):395–427.
Hayashi K. Nitrogen cycling and management focusing on the central role of soils: A review. Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2022;68(5–6):514–525.
Zhang Z, Li Y, Wu Y, Zheng X, Guo X, Sun W, et al. A dynamic regulation of nitrogen on floret primordia development in wheat. Crop J. 2024;12(1):271–280.
Evans JR, Clarke VC. The nitrogen cost of photosynthesis. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(1):7–15.
Wang R, Sun C, Cai S, Liu F, Xie H, Xiong Q. Research progress in crop root biology and nitrogen uptake and use, with emphasis on cereal crops. Agronomy. 2023;13(7):1678.
Zörb C, Ludewig U, Hawkesford MJ. Perspective on wheat yield and quality with reduced nitrogen supply. Trends Plant Sci. 2018;23(11):1029–1037.
Parashar M, Dhar SK, Kaur J, Chauhan A, Tamang J, Singh GB, et al. Two novel plant-growth-promoting Lelliottia amnigena isolates from Euphorbia prostrata Aiton enhance the overall productivity of wheat and tomato. Plants. 2023;12(17):3081.
Ramzan M, Khan GD, Khalil SK. Emergence in wheat as affected by different tillage implements and soil compaction levels. Sarhad J Agric. 2014;30(1).
Batool A, Aleem S, Nawaz A, Khan MI, Arshad W, Aslam M, et al. Evaluating the impact of variable seed rates on growth, productivity and yield attributes of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes of Barani areas. Pak J Agric Res. 2022;35(2):285–302.
DeBock A, Belmans B, Vanlanduit S, Blom J, Alvarado-Alvarado AA, Audenaert. A review on the leaf area index (LAI) in vertical greening systems. Build Environ. 2023;229:109926.
Gao Z, Wang Y, Tian G, Zhao Y, Li C, Cao Q, et al. Plant height and its relationship with yield in wheat under different irrigation regime. Irrig Sci. 2020;38(4):365–371.
Abbate PE, Pontaroli AC, Lázaro L, Gutheim F. A method of screening for spike fertility in wheat. J Agric Sci. 2013;151(3):322–330.
Philipp N, Weichert H, Bohra U, Weschke W, Schulthess AW, Weber H. Grain number and grain yield distribution along the spike remain stable despite breeding for high yield in winter wheat. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205452.
Liu T, Wang Z, Cai T. Canopy apparent photosynthetic characteristics and yield of two spike-type wheat cultivars in response to row spacing under high plant density. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):
Feng F, Han Y, Wang S, Yin S, Peng Z, Zhou M, et al. The effect of grain position on genetic improvement of grain number and thousand grain weight in winter wheat in North China. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:129.
Awan KA, Jawad Ali JA, Mohammad Akmal MA. Yield comparison of potential wheat varieties by delayed sowing as rainfed crop for Peshawar climate. 2017;480:488.
Mekonnen A. Effects of seeding rate and row spacing on yield and yield components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Gozamin District, East Gojam Zone, Ethiopia. J Biol Agric Healthc. 2017;7(4):19-37.
Priyanka M, Devi KR, Parimala K, Anuradha C. Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Int J Environ Clim Change. 2022;12(11):344–351.
Bremner JM. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical methods. 1996;5:1085–1121.
Daun JK, Clear KM, Williams P. Comparison of three whole seed near-infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1994;71(10):1063–1068.
Fernandez GC. Residual analysis and data transformations: Important tools in statistical analysis. HortScience. 1992;27(4):297–300.
Nawab K, Ullah A, Arif M, Shah P, Rab A, Khan MA, et al. Effect of FYM, potassium and zinc on phenology and grain yield of wheat in rainfed cropping systems. Pak J Bot. 2011;43(5):2391–2396.
Darwinkel A, Ten Hag BA, Kuizenga J. Effect of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production of winter wheat. Neth J Agric Sci. 1977;25(2):83–94.
Szczepanek M, Baczyński M, Graczyk R. Effects of plant growth regulators and N rate on the morphological traits of generative tillers and seed yields of chewings and strong creeping red fescue. Agronomy. 2020;11(1):65.
Ding J, Li F, Xu D, Wu P, Zhu M, Li C, et al. Tillage and nitrogen managements increased wheat yield through promoting vigor growth and production of tillers. Agron J. 2021;113(2):1640–1652.
Feng W, Wu Y, He L, Ren X, Wang Y, Hou G, et al. An optimized non-linear vegetation index for estimating leaf area index in winter wheat. Precis Agric. 2019;20(6):1157–1176.
Tahir S, Ahmad A, Khaliq T, Cheema MJM. Evaluating the impact of seed rate and sowing dates on wheat productivity in semi-arid environment. Int J Agric Biol. 2019;22(1):57–64.
Lu J, Cheng D, Geng C, Zhang Z, Xiang Y, Hu T. Combining plant height, canopy coverage and vegetation index from UAV-based RGB images to estimate leaf nitrogen concentration of summer maize. Biosyst Eng. 2021;202:42–54.
El-Hawary MA, Abd El-Hay GH, Attia MA, Zaire MA. Effect of seeding, Belcocel and nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of wheat under North Sinai conditions. Al-Azhar J Agric Res. 2019;44(1):88–99.
Liu Y, Liao Y, Liu W. High nitrogen application rate and planting density reduce wheat grain yield by reducing filling rate of inferior grain in middle spikelets. Crop J. 2021;9(2):412–426.
Lai Z, Kou H, Fan J, Yang R, Xu X, Zhang F, Li S. Optimized planting density and nitrogen rate increased grain yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency of two maize cultivars under mulched drip fertigation by improving population photosynthesis and grain-filling characteristics. Water. 2022;15(1):163.
Taab A, Khazaie M, Andersson L, Bergkvist G, Radicetti E. Ecological intensification using Persian clover to support weed management in winter wheat under semiarid conditions. Crop Prot. 2023;164:106142.
Zhang Y, Dai X, Jia D, Li H, Wang Y, Li C, et al. Effects of plant density on grain yield, protein size distribution, and breadmaking quality of winter wheat grown under two nitrogen fertilisation rates. Eur J Agron. 2016;73:1–10.
Khokonova MB, Adzhieva AA, Kashukoev MV, Karashaeva AS. Optimization of barley cultivation technology ensuring the improvement of grain quality for brewing. J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;10(7): 1688–1690.
Fang X, Li Y, Nie J, Wang C, Huang K, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the leaf photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits and grain yield in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.). Field Crops Res. 2018;219:160–168.
Imran S, Arif M, Khan A, Khan MA, Shah W, Latif A. Effect of nitrogen levels and plant population on yield and yield components of maize. Adv Crop Sci Technol. 2015;3(2):1–7.
Lollato RP, Figueiredo BM, Dhillon JS, Arnall DB, Raun WR. Wheat grain yield and grain-nitrogen relationships as affected by N, P, and K fertilization: A synthesis of long-term experiments. Field Crops Res. 2019;236:42–57.
Hütsch BW, Schubert S. Harvest index of maize (Zea mays L.): Are there possibilities for improvement? Adv Agron. 2017;146:37–82.
Chamely SG, Islam N, Hoshain S, Rabbani MG, Kader MA, Salam MA. Effect of variety and nitrogen rate on the yield performance of boro rice. Prog Agric. 2015;26(1):6–14.
Loncaric Z, Ravnjak B, Nikolin I, Peric K, Zebec V, Jovic J, et al. The nutrient content in manure as a variable of profitability of organic fertilization. Econ Soc Dev Book Proc. 2022:516–525.
Park MH, Jeong S, Kim JY. Adsorption of NH3-N onto rice straw-derived biochar. J Environ Chem Eng. 2019;7(2):103039.
Zhang L, Liang ZY, He XM, Meng QF, Hu Y, Schmidhalter U, et al. Improving grain yield and protein concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) simultaneously by appropriate hybrid selection and nitrogen management. Field Crops Res. 2020;249:107754.
Otari SV, Patel SK, Kalia VC, Lee JK. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of magnetic rice straw for effective lipase immobilization and its application in esterification reaction. Bioresour Technol. 2020;302:122887.

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MLA

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@article{BachaSAS2026,
author = {Syed Anas Shah Bacha and Hamza Iftikhar and Wajid Ali Shah and Ranra Jalal and Salman Khan and Saddam Hussain and Syed Majid Rasheed},
title = {Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production},
journal = {International Journal of Plant Biotechnology},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {31--47},
issn = {2456-0162},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijpb/article=25446}
}

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Awan KA, Jawad Ali JA, Mohammad Akmal MA. Yield comparison of potential wheat varieties by delayed sowing as rainfed crop for Peshawar climate. 2017;480:488.
Mekonnen A. Effects of seeding rate and row spacing on yield and yield components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Gozamin District, East Gojam Zone, Ethiopia. J Biol Agric Healthc. 2017;7(4):19-37.
Priyanka M, Devi KR, Parimala K, Anuradha C. Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Int J Environ Clim Change. 2022;12(11):344–351.
Bremner JM. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical methods. 1996;5:1085–1121.
Daun JK, Clear KM, Williams P. Comparison of three whole seed near-infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1994;71(10):1063–1068.
Fernandez GC. Residual analysis and data transformations: Important tools in statistical analysis. HortScience. 1992;27(4):297–300.
Nawab K, Ullah A, Arif M, Shah P, Rab A, Khan MA, et al. Effect of FYM, potassium and zinc on phenology and grain yield of wheat in rainfed cropping systems. Pak J Bot. 2011;43(5):2391–2396.
Darwinkel A, Ten Hag BA, Kuizenga J. Effect of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production of winter wheat. Neth J Agric Sci. 1977;25(2):83–94.
Szczepanek M, Baczyński M, Graczyk R. Effects of plant growth regulators and N rate on the morphological traits of generative tillers and seed yields of chewings and strong creeping red fescue. Agronomy. 2020;11(1):65.
Ding J, Li F, Xu D, Wu P, Zhu M, Li C, et al. Tillage and nitrogen managements increased wheat yield through promoting vigor growth and production of tillers. Agron J. 2021;113(2):1640–1652.
Feng W, Wu Y, He L, Ren X, Wang Y, Hou G, et al. An optimized non-linear vegetation index for estimating leaf area index in winter wheat. Precis Agric. 2019;20(6):1157–1176.
Tahir S, Ahmad A, Khaliq T, Cheema MJM. Evaluating the impact of seed rate and sowing dates on wheat productivity in semi-arid environment. Int J Agric Biol. 2019;22(1):57–64.
Lu J, Cheng D, Geng C, Zhang Z, Xiang Y, Hu T. Combining plant height, canopy coverage and vegetation index from UAV-based RGB images to estimate leaf nitrogen concentration of summer maize. Biosyst Eng. 2021;202:42–54.
El-Hawary MA, Abd El-Hay GH, Attia MA, Zaire MA. Effect of seeding, Belcocel and nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of wheat under North Sinai conditions. Al-Azhar J Agric Res. 2019;44(1):88–99.
Liu Y, Liao Y, Liu W. High nitrogen application rate and planting density reduce wheat grain yield by reducing filling rate of inferior grain in middle spikelets. Crop J. 2021;9(2):412–426.
Lai Z, Kou H, Fan J, Yang R, Xu X, Zhang F, Li S. Optimized planting density and nitrogen rate increased grain yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency of two maize cultivars under mulched drip fertigation by improving population photosynthesis and grain-filling characteristics. Water. 2022;15(1):163.
Taab A, Khazaie M, Andersson L, Bergkvist G, Radicetti E. Ecological intensification using Persian clover to support weed management in winter wheat under semiarid conditions. Crop Prot. 2023;164:106142.
Zhang Y, Dai X, Jia D, Li H, Wang Y, Li C, et al. Effects of plant density on grain yield, protein size distribution, and breadmaking quality of winter wheat grown under two nitrogen fertilisation rates. Eur J Agron. 2016;73:1–10.
Khokonova MB, Adzhieva AA, Kashukoev MV, Karashaeva AS. Optimization of barley cultivation technology ensuring the improvement of grain quality for brewing. J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;10(7): 1688–1690.
Fang X, Li Y, Nie J, Wang C, Huang K, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the leaf photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits and grain yield in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.). Field Crops Res. 2018;219:160–168.
Imran S, Arif M, Khan A, Khan MA, Shah W, Latif A. Effect of nitrogen levels and plant population on yield and yield components of maize. Adv Crop Sci Technol. 2015;3(2):1–7.
Lollato RP, Figueiredo BM, Dhillon JS, Arnall DB, Raun WR. Wheat grain yield and grain-nitrogen relationships as affected by N, P, and K fertilization: A synthesis of long-term experiments. Field Crops Res. 2019;236:42–57.
Hütsch BW, Schubert S. Harvest index of maize (Zea mays L.): Are there possibilities for improvement? Adv Agron. 2017;146:37–82.
Chamely SG, Islam N, Hoshain S, Rabbani MG, Kader MA, Salam MA. Effect of variety and nitrogen rate on the yield performance of boro rice. Prog Agric. 2015;26(1):6–14.
Loncaric Z, Ravnjak B, Nikolin I, Peric K, Zebec V, Jovic J, et al. The nutrient content in manure as a variable of profitability of organic fertilization. Econ Soc Dev Book Proc. 2022:516–525.
Park MH, Jeong S, Kim JY. Adsorption of NH3-N onto rice straw-derived biochar. J Environ Chem Eng. 2019;7(2):103039.
Zhang L, Liang ZY, He XM, Meng QF, Hu Y, Schmidhalter U, et al. Improving grain yield and protein concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) simultaneously by appropriate hybrid selection and nitrogen management. Field Crops Res. 2020;249:107754.
Otari SV, Patel SK, Kalia VC, Lee JK. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of magnetic rice straw for effective lipase immobilization and its application in esterification reaction. Bioresour Technol. 2020;302:122887.

How to cite this article

APA

MLA

Chicago

Vancouver

BibTeX

@article{BachaSAS2026,
author = {Syed Anas Shah Bacha and Hamza Iftikhar and Wajid Ali Shah and Ranra Jalal and Salman Khan and Saddam Hussain and Syed Majid Rasheed},
title = {Outcome of Diverse Nitrogen Applications and Seed Rates for Attaining Quantitative and Qualitative Wheat Crop Production},
journal = {International Journal of Plant Biotechnology},
year = {2026},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {31--47},
issn = {2456-0162},
url = {https://journalspub.com/publication/ijpb/article=25446}
}

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