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By: Nidhi Sahu
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC), Ranjhi, Jabalpur – 482001 Madhya Pradesh, India
Thermodynamics, as a foundational discipline of physical science, has continually evolved from its classical roots to modern, interdisciplinary applications. Classical thermodynamics established the laws governing energy, entropy, and equilibrium, providing the framework for analyzing heat engines, refrigeration cycles, and chemical processes. Recent advances have expanded these principles into new domains, integrating statistical mechanics, quantum theory, and non‑equilibrium systems. Emerging trends highlight the role of thermodynamics in nanoscale and quantum technologies, where fluctuations and information theory redefine traditional concepts of energy transfer and entropy production. In parallel, computational thermodynamics and machine learning are enabling predictive modeling of complex materials and processes, accelerating innovation in energy storage, conversion, and sustainable design. Modern thermodynamics also intersects with biological systems, offering insights into metabolic efficiency, protein folding, and cellular energetics. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on renewable energy and climate resilience has positioned thermodynamics at the core of sustainable engineering, guiding the optimization of solar, wind, and hydrogen technologies. The integration of classical principles with modern approaches underscores a dynamic shift: from deterministic macroscopic analysis to probabilistic, data‑driven, and interdisciplinary frameworks. This synthesis not only enhances our understanding of fundamental physical laws but also expands their applicability to emerging challenges in science, technology, and society. Thus, thermodynamics continues to be a vibrant field, bridging tradition and innovation, and shaping the future of energy, materials, and life sciences.
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