Abstract :- For heavy load on foundation base (In case of pier of bridge of pier) and high rise building. Also design of foundation like wind thrust, seismic force and also due to thrust of water due to heavy rainfall (saturated soil condition) or for cloud bursting, and slide etc to be taken into consideration raft foundation for building or pier in bridge is essential.  Also foundation base  size required for pier in bridge or building (i.e. for one column) i.e. Total load at foundation base

Available bearing capacity of soil (depending upon type of soil at the required depth of foundation found by unit wt & angle of repose of saturated soil i.e.

The stability of foundations is significantly influenced by additional forces such as water thrust, seismic effects, wind load, and soil saturation during heavy rainfall or floods. In cases of high-rise structures and bridge piers, the design must account for these factors to ensure long-term safety. Raft foundations are particularly effective, as they provide a wider load distribution and resistance against uplift and erosion of the underlying soil. The required foundation depth is determined by considering the bearing capacity of saturated soils, thrust of flowing and standing water, and scour depth. The study emphasizes that properly designed raft foundations with adequate projection and thickness can effectively counter soil erosion, resist external thrusts, and enhance the overall stability of structures under extreme conditions such as cloudbursts, floods, and landslides.

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1. Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 1996.
2. Das BM. Principles of Foundation Engineering. 8th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2017.
3. Bowles JE. Foundation Analysis and Design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
4. IS: 6403-1981. Code of Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 1981.
5. IS: 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2)-2010. Design and Construction of Pile Foundations – Code of Practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2010.
6. Craig RF. Soil Mechanics. 8th ed. London: Spon Press; 2012.
7. Arora KR. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 9th ed. Delhi: Standard Publishers; 2019.
8. Kramer SL. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1996.
9. Jain AK, Singh VP. Floods in a Changing Climate: Hydrological Modeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
10. Briaud JL. Geotechnical Engineering: Unsaturated and Saturated Soils. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013.

Abstract :- For heavy load on foundation base (In case of pier of bridge of pier) and high rise building. Also design of foundation like wind thrust, seismic force and also due to thrust of water due to heavy rainfall (saturated soil condition) or for cloud bursting, and slide etc to be taken into consideration raft foundation for building or pier in bridge is essential.  Also foundation base  size required for pier in bridge or building (i.e. for one column) i.e. Total load at foundation base

Available bearing capacity of soil (depending upon type of soil at the required depth of foundation found by unit wt & angle of repose of saturated soil i.e.

The stability of foundations is significantly influenced by additional forces such as water thrust, seismic effects, wind load, and soil saturation during heavy rainfall or floods. In cases of high-rise structures and bridge piers, the design must account for these factors to ensure long-term safety. Raft foundations are particularly effective, as they provide a wider load distribution and resistance against uplift and erosion of the underlying soil. The required foundation depth is determined by considering the bearing capacity of saturated soils, thrust of flowing and standing water, and scour depth. The study emphasizes that properly designed raft foundations with adequate projection and thickness can effectively counter soil erosion, resist external thrusts, and enhance the overall stability of structures under extreme conditions such as cloudbursts, floods, and landslides.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 1996.
2. Das BM. Principles of Foundation Engineering. 8th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2017.
3. Bowles JE. Foundation Analysis and Design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
4. IS: 6403-1981. Code of Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 1981.
5. IS: 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2)-2010. Design and Construction of Pile Foundations – Code of Practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2010.
6. Craig RF. Soil Mechanics. 8th ed. London: Spon Press; 2012.
7. Arora KR. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 9th ed. Delhi: Standard Publishers; 2019.
8. Kramer SL. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1996.
9. Jain AK, Singh VP. Floods in a Changing Climate: Hydrological Modeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
10. Briaud JL. Geotechnical Engineering: Unsaturated and Saturated Soils. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013.