In response to the scarcity and rising costs of natural river sand, researchers are exploring alternatives like Used Foundry Sand (UFS) to promote sustainable construction practices. This study investigates the partial replacement of river sand with UFS, testing replacement levels from 0% to 25% by weight. Assessing fresh concrete properties and mechanical characteristics, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength, the research focuses on M20 and M30 concrete samples at different ages (7, 28, and 91 days). The findings indicate that up to 20% replacement of river sand with UFS maintains consistent compressive and flexural strength, but beyond this threshold, there's a decline. However, split tensile strength increases after a 20% UFS addition, though it may affect other concrete properties. Overall, the study highlights UFS as a viable substitute for river sand, offering a sustainable solution to environmental concerns and resource scarcity

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1. Amritkar, SS, Chandak, SN, Patil, SS & Jadhav, RA 2015, ‘Effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) on the mechanical properties of concrete with artificial sand as fine aggregate’. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 4, pp. 390–393.
2. Arulrajah, A, Disfani, MM, Maghoolpilehrood, F, Horpibulsuk, S, Udonchai, A, Imteaz, M & Du, Y 2015, ‘Engineering and environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight engineering material’. Clean. Prod. vol. 94, pp. 369–375.
3. Arulrajah, A, Yaghoubi, E, Imteaz, M & Horpibulsuk, S 2017, ‘Recycled waste foundry sand as a sustainable sub grade fill and pipe- bedding construction material’, engineering and environmental Sust. Citi. Soc. vol. 28, pp. 343– 349.
4. ASTM 1202 C – 97. Standard test method for electrical induction of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken.
5. ASTM C 597–93. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West
6. Basar, HM & Aksoy, ND 2012, 'The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 35, pp. 508–15.
7. BIS: 10262-1982. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
8. BIS: 13311 (part 1)-1992. Non-destructive testing of concrete methods of test (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity) New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
9. BIS: 1489 (part 1): 1991. Portland pozzolana cements specification, Fly Ash Based, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
10. BIS: 383-1970. Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
11. BIS: 516-1959. Indian standard code of practice-methods of test for strength of concrete. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
12. BIS: 5816-1999. Splitting tensile strength of concrete-test method, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
13. Daniela Sani & Francesca Tittarelli 2010, 'Used Foundry Sand in Cement Mortars and Concrete Production', Open Waste Management Journal, 3, pp. 18-25
14. Etxeberria, M, Pacheco, C, Meneses, JM & Beerridi, 2010, ‘Properties of concrete using metallurgical industrial by-product as aggregate'. Constr Build Mater 24, pp. 1594–1600.
15. Guney, Y, Sari, YD, Yalcin, M, Tuncan, A & Donmez, S 2010, 'Re- usage of spent foundry sand in high strength concrete. Spent Manage, 30, pp. 1705–13.
16. Gurpreet Singh & Rafat Siddique 2012, 'Effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete', Construction and Building Materials, 26, pp. 416–422
17. IS: 10262-1982. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix Bureau of Indian standards. New Delhi, India.
18. IS: 1199-1959. Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. Bureau of Indian New Delhi, India.
19. IS: 383-1970. Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for Bureau of Indian standards. New Delhi, India.
20. IS: 516-1959. Methods of tests for Strength of Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India.
21. IS: 8112-1989. Scheme of testing and inspection for certification of 43 grade ordinary Portland Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India.
22. Khatib, JM, Herki, BA & Kenai, S 2013, 'Capillarity of concrete incorporating waste foundry sand'. Constr Build Mater, vol. 47, pp. 867–
23. Md, S, Wahab, A & Md, AK 2013, ‘A study on the mechanical properties of concrete by replacing sand with waste foundry sand’. Int. J. Technol. Adv. Eng, vol. 3, pp. 83–88.
24. Merve Basar, H & Nuran Deveci Aksoy 2012, 'The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete', Construction and Building Materials, 35, pp. 508–515
25. Monosi, S, Tittarelli, F, Giosue, C & Ruello, ML 2014, 'Effect of two different sources and washing treatment on the properties of UFS by- products for mortar and concrete production'. Constr Build Mater, 44, pp. 260–6.
26. Neramitkornburi, A, Horpibulsuk, S, Shen, SL, Chinkulkijniwat, A, Arulrajah, A & Disfani, MM 2015, ‘Durability against wetting-drying cycles of sustainable lightweight cellular cemented construction material comprising clay and fly ash wastes’. Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 77, 41–49.
27. Phetchuay, C, Horpibulsuk, S, Suksiripattanapong, C, Chinkulkijniwat, A, Arulrajah, A & Disfani, MM 2014, ‘Calcium carbide residue: alkaline activator for clay-fly ash geopolymer’. Constr. Build. Mater. 69, 285–294.
28. Prabhu, GG, Bang, JW, Lee, BJ, Hyun, JH & Kim, YY 2015, ‘Mechanical and durability properties of concrete made with used foundry sand as fine aggregate’. Mater. Sci. Eng. vol. 1, pp. 1–11.
29. Saraswati, CP, Jaykrushna, KR, Palas, AS, Jay, GM & Ankit, NP 2013, ‘Application of waste foundry sand for evolution of low cost concrete’. J. Eng. Trends. Technol. vol. 4, pp. 4281–4286.
30. Siddique, R & Noumove, A 2008, 'Utilization of spent foundry sand in controlled lowstrength materials and Constr Build Mater, vol. 53, PP. 27–35.
31. Siddique, R, Schutter, G & Noumowe, A 2009, 'Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 23, pp. 976–980.
32. Siddique, R, Singh, G, Belarbi, R, Mokhtar, KA & Kunal 2015, ‘Comparative investigation on the influence of spent foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates on the properties of two grades of concrete’. Build. Mater. vol. 83, pp. 216–222.
33. Singh, G & Siddique, R 2012, 'Effect of waste foundry sand (SFS) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultra sonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 26, no. 1, pp. 416–22.
34. Yogesh Aggarwal & Rafat Siddique 2014, 'Microstructure and properties of concrete using bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates', Construction and Building Materials, 54, pp.210–223.

In response to the scarcity and rising costs of natural river sand, researchers are exploring alternatives like Used Foundry Sand (UFS) to promote sustainable construction practices. This study investigates the partial replacement of river sand with UFS, testing replacement levels from 0% to 25% by weight. Assessing fresh concrete properties and mechanical characteristics, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength, the research focuses on M20 and M30 concrete samples at different ages (7, 28, and 91 days). The findings indicate that up to 20% replacement of river sand with UFS maintains consistent compressive and flexural strength, but beyond this threshold, there's a decline. However, split tensile strength increases after a 20% UFS addition, though it may affect other concrete properties. Overall, the study highlights UFS as a viable substitute for river sand, offering a sustainable solution to environmental concerns and resource scarcity

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Amritkar, SS, Chandak, SN, Patil, SS & Jadhav, RA 2015, ‘Effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) on the mechanical properties of concrete with artificial sand as fine aggregate’. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 4, pp. 390–393.
2. Arulrajah, A, Disfani, MM, Maghoolpilehrood, F, Horpibulsuk, S, Udonchai, A, Imteaz, M & Du, Y 2015, ‘Engineering and environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight engineering material’. Clean. Prod. vol. 94, pp. 369–375.
3. Arulrajah, A, Yaghoubi, E, Imteaz, M & Horpibulsuk, S 2017, ‘Recycled waste foundry sand as a sustainable sub grade fill and pipe- bedding construction material’, engineering and environmental Sust. Citi. Soc. vol. 28, pp. 343– 349.
4. ASTM 1202 C – 97. Standard test method for electrical induction of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken.
5. ASTM C 597–93. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West
6. Basar, HM & Aksoy, ND 2012, 'The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 35, pp. 508–15.
7. BIS: 10262-1982. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
8. BIS: 13311 (part 1)-1992. Non-destructive testing of concrete methods of test (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity) New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
9. BIS: 1489 (part 1): 1991. Portland pozzolana cements specification, Fly Ash Based, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
10. BIS: 383-1970. Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
11. BIS: 516-1959. Indian standard code of practice-methods of test for strength of concrete. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
12. BIS: 5816-1999. Splitting tensile strength of concrete-test method, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian
13. Daniela Sani & Francesca Tittarelli 2010, 'Used Foundry Sand in Cement Mortars and Concrete Production', Open Waste Management Journal, 3, pp. 18-25
14. Etxeberria, M, Pacheco, C, Meneses, JM & Beerridi, 2010, ‘Properties of concrete using metallurgical industrial by-product as aggregate'. Constr Build Mater 24, pp. 1594–1600.
15. Guney, Y, Sari, YD, Yalcin, M, Tuncan, A & Donmez, S 2010, 'Re- usage of spent foundry sand in high strength concrete. Spent Manage, 30, pp. 1705–13.
16. Gurpreet Singh & Rafat Siddique 2012, 'Effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete', Construction and Building Materials, 26, pp. 416–422
17. IS: 10262-1982. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix Bureau of Indian standards. New Delhi, India.
18. IS: 1199-1959. Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. Bureau of Indian New Delhi, India.
19. IS: 383-1970. Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for Bureau of Indian standards. New Delhi, India.
20. IS: 516-1959. Methods of tests for Strength of Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India.
21. IS: 8112-1989. Scheme of testing and inspection for certification of 43 grade ordinary Portland Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India.
22. Khatib, JM, Herki, BA & Kenai, S 2013, 'Capillarity of concrete incorporating waste foundry sand'. Constr Build Mater, vol. 47, pp. 867–
23. Md, S, Wahab, A & Md, AK 2013, ‘A study on the mechanical properties of concrete by replacing sand with waste foundry sand’. Int. J. Technol. Adv. Eng, vol. 3, pp. 83–88.
24. Merve Basar, H & Nuran Deveci Aksoy 2012, 'The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete', Construction and Building Materials, 35, pp. 508–515
25. Monosi, S, Tittarelli, F, Giosue, C & Ruello, ML 2014, 'Effect of two different sources and washing treatment on the properties of UFS by- products for mortar and concrete production'. Constr Build Mater, 44, pp. 260–6.
26. Neramitkornburi, A, Horpibulsuk, S, Shen, SL, Chinkulkijniwat, A, Arulrajah, A & Disfani, MM 2015, ‘Durability against wetting-drying cycles of sustainable lightweight cellular cemented construction material comprising clay and fly ash wastes’. Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 77, 41–49.
27. Phetchuay, C, Horpibulsuk, S, Suksiripattanapong, C, Chinkulkijniwat, A, Arulrajah, A & Disfani, MM 2014, ‘Calcium carbide residue: alkaline activator for clay-fly ash geopolymer’. Constr. Build. Mater. 69, 285–294.
28. Prabhu, GG, Bang, JW, Lee, BJ, Hyun, JH & Kim, YY 2015, ‘Mechanical and durability properties of concrete made with used foundry sand as fine aggregate’. Mater. Sci. Eng. vol. 1, pp. 1–11.
29. Saraswati, CP, Jaykrushna, KR, Palas, AS, Jay, GM & Ankit, NP 2013, ‘Application of waste foundry sand for evolution of low cost concrete’. J. Eng. Trends. Technol. vol. 4, pp. 4281–4286.
30. Siddique, R & Noumove, A 2008, 'Utilization of spent foundry sand in controlled lowstrength materials and Constr Build Mater, vol. 53, PP. 27–35.
31. Siddique, R, Schutter, G & Noumowe, A 2009, 'Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 23, pp. 976–980.
32. Siddique, R, Singh, G, Belarbi, R, Mokhtar, KA & Kunal 2015, ‘Comparative investigation on the influence of spent foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates on the properties of two grades of concrete’. Build. Mater. vol. 83, pp. 216–222.
33. Singh, G & Siddique, R 2012, 'Effect of waste foundry sand (SFS) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultra sonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete'. Constr Build Mater, 26, no. 1, pp. 416–22.
34. Yogesh Aggarwal & Rafat Siddique 2014, 'Microstructure and properties of concrete using bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates', Construction and Building Materials, 54, pp.210–223.