The present study entitled “A descriptive study to assess the practice regarding breastfeeding among postnatal mothers of KMCH-IHSR, Coimbatore”. Objectives: 1. To evaluate breastfeeding habits. 2. To explore the relationship between breastfeeding habits and specific demographic factors. Materials and methods: A non-experimental descriptive research design was employed for this study, conducted within the postnatal ward of KMCH Institute of Health Science and Research in Coimbatore. The population of the study are Full Term Normal Delivery (FTND), Primi-postnatal mothers admitted in the postnatal ward of KMCH- IHSR, Coimbatore. The study involved 60 first-time postnatal mothers as participants, chosen through a non-probability purposive sampling method. Data collection was conducted using a self-developed questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (such as mean and percentage) along with inferential statistics (Chi-square test) were applied. The Chi-square test specifically examined the relationship between breastfeeding practices and selected demographic characteristics. The majority 38(38%) of the samples had average practice compliance, 35(35%) had good practice compliance, 27(27%) had poor practice compliance according to breastfeeding postnatal mothers. There is a significant association exits between the breast feeding practice with their marital status (p 0.038), and their residential area (p 0.44). Conclusion:So, it reveals that educating postnatal mothers on breastfeeding will definitely improve their practice regarding breastfeeding.

Key Words:Breast feeding practice, Post-natal mothers, self-developed questionnaire, demographic characteristics, postnatal ward.

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Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Abul-Fadl AM, Shawky M, El-Taweel A, Cadwell K, Turner-Maffei C. Evaluation of mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards the ten steps to successful breastfeeding in Egypt. Breastfeed Med. 2012 Jun;7(3):173-8. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0028. PMID: 22803928.
2. Prajapati AC, Chandwani H, Rana B, Sonaliya KN. A community based assessment study of positioning, attachment and suckling during breastfeeding among 0-6 months aged infants in rural area of Gandhinagar district, Gujarat, India. Int J Community Med Public Health [Internet]. 2016 Dec. 28 [cited 2024 Jun. 27];3(7):1921-6. Available from: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/339
3. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Rawool AP, Garg BS. Where and how breastfeeding promotion initiatives should focus its attention? A study from rural wardha. Indian J Community Med. 2010 Apr;35(2):226-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.66865. PMID: 20922097; PMCID: PMC2940176.
4. Chezem J, Freiscen C, Boettcher J. Breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding confidence and infant feeding plans: effects on actual feeding practices. J Obstet Gynecol Nurs. 2003;32(1):40-47.
5. De Maumita, Taraphdar P, Paul S, Halder A. Awareness of breastfeeding among mothers attending antenatal OPD of NRS Medical College. IOSR J Dental Med Sci. 2016: Volume 15, Issue 2 Ver. XII (Feb. 2016), PP 03-08.
6. Kishore MS, Kumar P, Aggarwal AK. Breastfeeding knowledge and practices amongst mothers in a rural population of North India: a community-based study. J Trop Pediatr. 2009 Jun;55(3):183-8. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmn110. Epub 2008 Dec 12. PMID: 19074494.
7. Garg R, Deepti S, Padda A, Singh T. Breastfeeding knowledge and practices among rural women of punjab, India: a community-based study. Breastfeed Med. 2010 Dec;5(6):303-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2010.0005. Epub 2010 Oct 6. PMID: 20925495.
8. Goyal RC, Banginwar AS, Ziyo F, Toweir AA. Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. J Family Community Med. 2011 May;18(2):74-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.83372. PMID: 21897915; PMCID: PMC3159232.
9. Yilak G, Gebretsadik W, Tadesse H, Debalkie M, Bante A. Prevalence of ineffective breastfeeding technique and associated factors among lactating mothers attending public health facilities of South Ari district, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020 Feb 11;15(2):e0228863. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228863. PMID: 32045451; PMCID: PMC7012449.
10. World Health Organization. (‎2009)‎. Infant and young child feeding : model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44117
11. Jiang H, Li M, Yang D, Wen LM, Hunter C, He G, Qian X. Awareness, intention, and needs regarding breastfeeding: findings from first-time mothers in Shanghai, China. Breastfeed Med. 2012 Dec;7(6):526-34. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0124. Epub 2012 Mar 16. PMID: 22424469; PMCID: PMC3523237.
12. Joshi H, Magon P, Raina S. Effect of mother-infant pair's latch-on position on child's health: A lesson for nursing care. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016 Apr-Jun;5(2):309-313. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.192373. PMID: 27843833; PMCID: PMC5084553.
13. Kumar A, Unnikrishnan B, T R, Mithra P, Kumar N, Kulkarni V, Holla R, B B D. Awareness and attitude regarding breastfeeding and immunization practices among primigravida attending a tertiary care hospital in southern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Mar;9(3):LC01-5. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11892.5616. Epub 2015 Mar 1. PMID: 25954638; PMCID: PMC4413086.
14. Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, Rowan MK, Chia ES, Fairclough KA, Menon LL, Scott C, Mather-McCaw G, Navarro K, Geddes DT. Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Mothers: Incidence, Causes and Treatments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Sep 29;12(10):12247-63. doi: 10.3390/ijerph121012247. PMID: 26426034; PMCID: PMC4626966.
15. Kronborg H, Vaeth M. How are effective breastfeeding technique and pacifier use related to breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding duration? Birth. 2009 Mar;36(1):34-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2008.00293.x. PMID: 19278381.
16. Mbwana, Ally H. Exclusive breastfeeding: mothers awareness and healthcare providers, practices during antenatal visits in Myonmero Tanzania: a thesis presented for degree of Master Of Science inHuman nutrition at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. 2012. Available at: https://mro.massey.ac.nz/items/112651a1-b399-4cd1-9406-ae9843a179d4
17. Parashar M, Singh S, Kishore J, Patavegar BN. Breastfeeding Attachment and Positioning Technique, Practices, and Knowledge of Related Issues Among Mothers in a Resettlement Colony of Delhi. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. 2015;7(6):317-322.
18. Pandey D, Sardana P, Saxena A, Dogra L, Coondoo A, Kamath A. Awareness and attitude towards breastfeeding among two generations of Indian women: a comparative study 2015. PloS one. 2015;10(5):1-9
19. Mislu E, Kumsa H, Arage MW, Shitie A, Adimasu A. Effective breastfeeding techniques and associated factors among lactating women: a community-based study, north east Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2024 Mar 21;12:1337822. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337822. PMID: 38577276; PMCID: PMC10993909.
20. Shrivastava, I. Saha, S. Nandy. A study on feeding practice of under 6 months infants attending the Nutrition Clinic of a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal, India. December 2013. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health 10(4): e8947-1- e8947-6.
21. Puapornpong P, Paritakul P, Suksamarnwong M, Srisuwan S, Ketsuwan S. Nipple Pain Incidence, the Predisposing Factors, the Recovery Period After Care Management, and the Exclusive Breastfeeding Outcome. Breastfeed Med. 2017 Apr;12:169-173. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0194. Epub 2017 Mar 9. PMID: 28278382.
22. Goyal RC, Banginwar AS, Ziyo F, Toweir AA. Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. J Family Community Med. 2011 May;18(2):74-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.83372. PMID: 21897915; PMCID: PMC3159232.
23. Thakre, S.S., & Kale, P. (2012). The Breastfeeding Practices: The Positioning and Attachment Initiative Among the Mothers of Rural Nagpur. Available online at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Breastfeeding-Practices%3A-The-Positioning-and-of-Thakre-Kale/f20f5fe8f1ef63ef363e60cd9560cf89da7723a9
24. Vijayalakshmi P, Susheela T, Mythili D. Knowledge, attitudes, and breast feeding practices of postnatal mothers: A cross sectional survey. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2015 Oct;9(4):364-74. PMID: 26715916; PMCID: PMC4682591.
25. Wen LM, Baur LA, Rissel C, Alperstein G, Simpson JM. Intention to breastfeed and awareness of health recommendations: findings from first-line mothers in south west Sydney, Australia. Int Breastfeeding J. 2009;(4):4358-9.
26. Wen LM, Judy M, Rissel C, Baur LA. Awareness of breastfeeding recommendations and duration of breastfeeding: findings from health beginnings trial: Breastfeed Med. 2012:7(4):223
27. World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Report by the Secreteriat. World Health Organization; 2003. Available online at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562218
28. Alan, L.et al. (2009). Maternal perceptions of infant hunger, Satiety, and Pressuring feeding styles in an urban Latina WIC population. Journal of academic pediatrics, 10(1), 29-35
29. Altugan, F.S., Caglar, M.K., & Ozer, I. (2006). Risk factors for excess weight loss and hypernatremia in exclusively breast-fed infants. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 39(4), 539-544.
30. Arun, K., Kishore, S., & Kumar, P. (2009). Breastfeeding Knowledge and Practices amongst Mothers in a Rural Population of North India: A Community-based Study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 55(3), 183-188.
31. Ashish, S. et al., (2011). Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 18 (2), 74-79.
32. Athena, s., Margaret, C., & Virginia, S. (2003). A Description of the Relationship between Breastfeeding Experiences, Breastfeeding Satisfaction, and Weaning in the First 3 Months after Birth. Journal of Human Lactation, 19(2), 145-156.
33. Brian, M.et al., (2005). Why Do Women Stop Breastfeeding? Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. Journal of American academy of pediatrics, 116 (6), 1408-1412.
34. Charlotte, M., Kathryn, N., & Robert, F. (2006). How Does Maternal and Child Feeding Behavior Relate to Weight Gain and Failure to Thrive? Data from a Prospective Birth Cohort. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1262-1269.
35. Chiu, M. et al., (2009). Factors Related to Maternal Perception of Milk Supply While in the Hospital. Journal of Nursing Research, 17 (3), 179-188.
36. Haider R, Rasheed S, Sanghvi TG, Hassan N, Pachon H, Islam S, Jalal CS. Breastfeeding in infancy: identifying the program-relevant issues in Bangladesh. Int Breastfeed J. 2010 Nov 30;5:21. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-5-21. PMID: 21118488; PMCID: PMC3009955.
37. Edmond, A.et al., (2007). Postnatal factors associated with failure to thrive in term infants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Archives of Diseases Childhood, 92(2), 115-119.
38. (2007). Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: An observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(7), 1128-1137.
39. Lisa, G. (2008) Maternal Perceptions of Insufficient Milk Supply in Breastfeeding. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(4), 355-363.
40. Luke, C. et al., (2008). Breast-Feeding Patterns, Time to Initiation, and Mortality Risk among Newborns in Southern Nepal. Journal of American society for nutrition, 138 (3), 599-603.
41. Maheswari, E.et al., (2010). Knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding among postnatal mothers. Journal of Current Pediatric Research, 14 (2), 119-124.
42. Pamela, J. (2005). A concept analysis of effective breastfeeding. Journal ofObstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35 (3), 332-339.
43. Patricia, L. (2011). First-time mothers: social support. Maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of clinic nursing, 21 (3), 388-397.
44. Anodiyil, M., & Kotwal M. (2008). Clinical Audit on Babies Admitted to Pediatrics’ Unit at Cross house Hospital within 7 Days Of Birth, 1(2), 38-41.
45. Awano M, Shimada K. Development and evaluation of a self care program on breastfeeding in Japan: A quasi-experimental study. Int Breastfeed J. 2010 Aug 23;5:9. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-5-9. PMID: 20731820; PMCID: PMC2942811.
46. Balfour R, Torres A, Jeyasinghe K, et al Instrumental delivery is associated with increased risk of Neonatal Hospital readmission due to feeding difficulties Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2010;95:Fa63. Available online at: https://fn.bmj.com/content/95/Suppl_1/Fa63.3.abstract
47. Blyth R, Creedy DK, Dennis CL, Moyle W, Pratt J, De Vries SM. Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: an application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. Birth. 2002 Dec;29(4):278-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00202.x. PMID: 12484390.
48. Christ, Jo. (2011) Mommy feeds baby. 3B Publishing (1 January 2011).
49. Devang, R.et al., (2011). A study of breast feeding practices among infants living in slums of Bhavnagar city, Gujarat, India. Health line. Volume 2 Issue 2 July-December 2011. Available online at: https://www.healthlinejournal.org/index_pdf/54.pdf
50. Hill PD, Humenick SS. Development of the H & H Lactation Scale. Nurs Res. 1996 May-Jun;45(3):136-40. doi: 10.1097/00006199-199605000-00003. PMID: 8637793.
51. Ingram J, Johnson D, Greenwood R. Breastfeeding in Bristol: teaching good positioning, and support from fathers and families. Midwifery. 2002 Jun;18(2):87-101. doi: 10.1054/midw.2002.0308. PMID: 12139907.

The present study entitled “A descriptive study to assess the practice regarding breastfeeding among postnatal mothers of KMCH-IHSR, Coimbatore”. Objectives: 1. To evaluate breastfeeding habits. 2. To explore the relationship between breastfeeding habits and specific demographic factors. Materials and methods: A non-experimental descriptive research design was employed for this study, conducted within the postnatal ward of KMCH Institute of Health Science and Research in Coimbatore. The population of the study are Full Term Normal Delivery (FTND), Primi-postnatal mothers admitted in the postnatal ward of KMCH- IHSR, Coimbatore. The study involved 60 first-time postnatal mothers as participants, chosen through a non-probability purposive sampling method. Data collection was conducted using a self-developed questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (such as mean and percentage) along with inferential statistics (Chi-square test) were applied. The Chi-square test specifically examined the relationship between breastfeeding practices and selected demographic characteristics. The majority 38(38%) of the samples had average practice compliance, 35(35%) had good practice compliance, 27(27%) had poor practice compliance according to breastfeeding postnatal mothers. There is a significant association exits between the breast feeding practice with their marital status (p 0.038), and their residential area (p 0.44). Conclusion:So, it reveals that educating postnatal mothers on breastfeeding will definitely improve their practice regarding breastfeeding.

Key Words:Breast feeding practice, Post-natal mothers, self-developed questionnaire, demographic characteristics, postnatal ward.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Abul-Fadl AM, Shawky M, El-Taweel A, Cadwell K, Turner-Maffei C. Evaluation of mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards the ten steps to successful breastfeeding in Egypt. Breastfeed Med. 2012 Jun;7(3):173-8. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0028. PMID: 22803928.
2. Prajapati AC, Chandwani H, Rana B, Sonaliya KN. A community based assessment study of positioning, attachment and suckling during breastfeeding among 0-6 months aged infants in rural area of Gandhinagar district, Gujarat, India. Int J Community Med Public Health [Internet]. 2016 Dec. 28 [cited 2024 Jun. 27];3(7):1921-6. Available from: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/339
3. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Rawool AP, Garg BS. Where and how breastfeeding promotion initiatives should focus its attention? A study from rural wardha. Indian J Community Med. 2010 Apr;35(2):226-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.66865. PMID: 20922097; PMCID: PMC2940176.
4. Chezem J, Freiscen C, Boettcher J. Breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding confidence and infant feeding plans: effects on actual feeding practices. J Obstet Gynecol Nurs. 2003;32(1):40-47.
5. De Maumita, Taraphdar P, Paul S, Halder A. Awareness of breastfeeding among mothers attending antenatal OPD of NRS Medical College. IOSR J Dental Med Sci. 2016: Volume 15, Issue 2 Ver. XII (Feb. 2016), PP 03-08.
6. Kishore MS, Kumar P, Aggarwal AK. Breastfeeding knowledge and practices amongst mothers in a rural population of North India: a community-based study. J Trop Pediatr. 2009 Jun;55(3):183-8. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmn110. Epub 2008 Dec 12. PMID: 19074494.
7. Garg R, Deepti S, Padda A, Singh T. Breastfeeding knowledge and practices among rural women of punjab, India: a community-based study. Breastfeed Med. 2010 Dec;5(6):303-7. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2010.0005. Epub 2010 Oct 6. PMID: 20925495.
8. Goyal RC, Banginwar AS, Ziyo F, Toweir AA. Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. J Family Community Med. 2011 May;18(2):74-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.83372. PMID: 21897915; PMCID: PMC3159232.
9. Yilak G, Gebretsadik W, Tadesse H, Debalkie M, Bante A. Prevalence of ineffective breastfeeding technique and associated factors among lactating mothers attending public health facilities of South Ari district, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020 Feb 11;15(2):e0228863. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228863. PMID: 32045451; PMCID: PMC7012449.
10. World Health Organization. (‎2009)‎. Infant and young child feeding : model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44117
11. Jiang H, Li M, Yang D, Wen LM, Hunter C, He G, Qian X. Awareness, intention, and needs regarding breastfeeding: findings from first-time mothers in Shanghai, China. Breastfeed Med. 2012 Dec;7(6):526-34. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0124. Epub 2012 Mar 16. PMID: 22424469; PMCID: PMC3523237.
12. Joshi H, Magon P, Raina S. Effect of mother-infant pair's latch-on position on child's health: A lesson for nursing care. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016 Apr-Jun;5(2):309-313. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.192373. PMID: 27843833; PMCID: PMC5084553.
13. Kumar A, Unnikrishnan B, T R, Mithra P, Kumar N, Kulkarni V, Holla R, B B D. Awareness and attitude regarding breastfeeding and immunization practices among primigravida attending a tertiary care hospital in southern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Mar;9(3):LC01-5. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/11892.5616. Epub 2015 Mar 1. PMID: 25954638; PMCID: PMC4413086.
14. Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, Rowan MK, Chia ES, Fairclough KA, Menon LL, Scott C, Mather-McCaw G, Navarro K, Geddes DT. Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Mothers: Incidence, Causes and Treatments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Sep 29;12(10):12247-63. doi: 10.3390/ijerph121012247. PMID: 26426034; PMCID: PMC4626966.
15. Kronborg H, Vaeth M. How are effective breastfeeding technique and pacifier use related to breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding duration? Birth. 2009 Mar;36(1):34-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2008.00293.x. PMID: 19278381.
16. Mbwana, Ally H. Exclusive breastfeeding: mothers awareness and healthcare providers, practices during antenatal visits in Myonmero Tanzania: a thesis presented for degree of Master Of Science inHuman nutrition at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. 2012. Available at: https://mro.massey.ac.nz/items/112651a1-b399-4cd1-9406-ae9843a179d4
17. Parashar M, Singh S, Kishore J, Patavegar BN. Breastfeeding Attachment and Positioning Technique, Practices, and Knowledge of Related Issues Among Mothers in a Resettlement Colony of Delhi. ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. 2015;7(6):317-322.
18. Pandey D, Sardana P, Saxena A, Dogra L, Coondoo A, Kamath A. Awareness and attitude towards breastfeeding among two generations of Indian women: a comparative study 2015. PloS one. 2015;10(5):1-9
19. Mislu E, Kumsa H, Arage MW, Shitie A, Adimasu A. Effective breastfeeding techniques and associated factors among lactating women: a community-based study, north east Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2024 Mar 21;12:1337822. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337822. PMID: 38577276; PMCID: PMC10993909.
20. Shrivastava, I. Saha, S. Nandy. A study on feeding practice of under 6 months infants attending the Nutrition Clinic of a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal, India. December 2013. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health 10(4): e8947-1- e8947-6.
21. Puapornpong P, Paritakul P, Suksamarnwong M, Srisuwan S, Ketsuwan S. Nipple Pain Incidence, the Predisposing Factors, the Recovery Period After Care Management, and the Exclusive Breastfeeding Outcome. Breastfeed Med. 2017 Apr;12:169-173. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0194. Epub 2017 Mar 9. PMID: 28278382.
22. Goyal RC, Banginwar AS, Ziyo F, Toweir AA. Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. J Family Community Med. 2011 May;18(2):74-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.83372. PMID: 21897915; PMCID: PMC3159232.
23. Thakre, S.S., & Kale, P. (2012). The Breastfeeding Practices: The Positioning and Attachment Initiative Among the Mothers of Rural Nagpur. Available online at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Breastfeeding-Practices%3A-The-Positioning-and-of-Thakre-Kale/f20f5fe8f1ef63ef363e60cd9560cf89da7723a9
24. Vijayalakshmi P, Susheela T, Mythili D. Knowledge, attitudes, and breast feeding practices of postnatal mothers: A cross sectional survey. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2015 Oct;9(4):364-74. PMID: 26715916; PMCID: PMC4682591.
25. Wen LM, Baur LA, Rissel C, Alperstein G, Simpson JM. Intention to breastfeed and awareness of health recommendations: findings from first-line mothers in south west Sydney, Australia. Int Breastfeeding J. 2009;(4):4358-9.
26. Wen LM, Judy M, Rissel C, Baur LA. Awareness of breastfeeding recommendations and duration of breastfeeding: findings from health beginnings trial: Breastfeed Med. 2012:7(4):223
27. World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Report by the Secreteriat. World Health Organization; 2003. Available online at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562218
28. Alan, L.et al. (2009). Maternal perceptions of infant hunger, Satiety, and Pressuring feeding styles in an urban Latina WIC population. Journal of academic pediatrics, 10(1), 29-35
29. Altugan, F.S., Caglar, M.K., & Ozer, I. (2006). Risk factors for excess weight loss and hypernatremia in exclusively breast-fed infants. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 39(4), 539-544.
30. Arun, K., Kishore, S., & Kumar, P. (2009). Breastfeeding Knowledge and Practices amongst Mothers in a Rural Population of North India: A Community-based Study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 55(3), 183-188.
31. Ashish, S. et al., (2011). Breastfeeding practices: Positioning, attachment (latch-on) and effective suckling - A hospital-based study in Libya. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 18 (2), 74-79.
32. Athena, s., Margaret, C., & Virginia, S. (2003). A Description of the Relationship between Breastfeeding Experiences, Breastfeeding Satisfaction, and Weaning in the First 3 Months after Birth. Journal of Human Lactation, 19(2), 145-156.
33. Brian, M.et al., (2005). Why Do Women Stop Breastfeeding? Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. Journal of American academy of pediatrics, 116 (6), 1408-1412.
34. Charlotte, M., Kathryn, N., & Robert, F. (2006). How Does Maternal and Child Feeding Behavior Relate to Weight Gain and Failure to Thrive? Data from a Prospective Birth Cohort. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1262-1269.
35. Chiu, M. et al., (2009). Factors Related to Maternal Perception of Milk Supply While in the Hospital. Journal of Nursing Research, 17 (3), 179-188.
36. Haider R, Rasheed S, Sanghvi TG, Hassan N, Pachon H, Islam S, Jalal CS. Breastfeeding in infancy: identifying the program-relevant issues in Bangladesh. Int Breastfeed J. 2010 Nov 30;5:21. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-5-21. PMID: 21118488; PMCID: PMC3009955.
37. Edmond, A.et al., (2007). Postnatal factors associated with failure to thrive in term infants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Archives of Diseases Childhood, 92(2), 115-119.
38. (2007). Comparison of the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who delivered their babies per vagina and via cesarean section: An observational study using the LATCH breastfeeding charting system. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(7), 1128-1137.
39. Lisa, G. (2008) Maternal Perceptions of Insufficient Milk Supply in Breastfeeding. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(4), 355-363.
40. Luke, C. et al., (2008). Breast-Feeding Patterns, Time to Initiation, and Mortality Risk among Newborns in Southern Nepal. Journal of American society for nutrition, 138 (3), 599-603.
41. Maheswari, E.et al., (2010). Knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding among postnatal mothers. Journal of Current Pediatric Research, 14 (2), 119-124.
42. Pamela, J. (2005). A concept analysis of effective breastfeeding. Journal ofObstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35 (3), 332-339.
43. Patricia, L. (2011). First-time mothers: social support. Maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of clinic nursing, 21 (3), 388-397.
44. Anodiyil, M., & Kotwal M. (2008). Clinical Audit on Babies Admitted to Pediatrics’ Unit at Cross house Hospital within 7 Days Of Birth, 1(2), 38-41.
45. Awano M, Shimada K. Development and evaluation of a self care program on breastfeeding in Japan: A quasi-experimental study. Int Breastfeed J. 2010 Aug 23;5:9. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-5-9. PMID: 20731820; PMCID: PMC2942811.
46. Balfour R, Torres A, Jeyasinghe K, et al Instrumental delivery is associated with increased risk of Neonatal Hospital readmission due to feeding difficulties Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2010;95:Fa63. Available online at: https://fn.bmj.com/content/95/Suppl_1/Fa63.3.abstract
47. Blyth R, Creedy DK, Dennis CL, Moyle W, Pratt J, De Vries SM. Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: an application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. Birth. 2002 Dec;29(4):278-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00202.x. PMID: 12484390.
48. Christ, Jo. (2011) Mommy feeds baby. 3B Publishing (1 January 2011).
49. Devang, R.et al., (2011). A study of breast feeding practices among infants living in slums of Bhavnagar city, Gujarat, India. Health line. Volume 2 Issue 2 July-December 2011. Available online at: https://www.healthlinejournal.org/index_pdf/54.pdf
50. Hill PD, Humenick SS. Development of the H & H Lactation Scale. Nurs Res. 1996 May-Jun;45(3):136-40. doi: 10.1097/00006199-199605000-00003. PMID: 8637793.
51. Ingram J, Johnson D, Greenwood R. Breastfeeding in Bristol: teaching good positioning, and support from fathers and families. Midwifery. 2002 Jun;18(2):87-101. doi: 10.1054/midw.2002.0308. PMID: 12139907.