Election integrity and openness are essential components of democratic governance. Voter impersonation, duplicate voting, and the absence of real-time verification are common problems with traditional voting systems, including paper-based and electronic voting machines. This paper proposes a secure and efficient Biometric Voting System that leverages biometric authentication techniques, such as fingerprint or iris recognition, to ensure the uniqueness and authenticity of each voter. The system integrates a centralized database containing registered voters’ biometric data, which is used for real-time identity verification at polling stations. Upon successful authentication, the voter is allowed to cast their vote, and the system ensures that no individual can vote more than once. The proposed model enhances security by minimizing human intervention and reducing electoral fraud. Additionally, it improves efficiency by speeding up the voting process and simplifying voter verification. The implementation of this system using embedded platforms and secure communication protocols ensures scalability and reliability for large-scale elections. Experimental results indicate that the biometric voting system significantly reduces errors and enhances voter confidence compared to conventional methods. This approach offers a promising solution for modernizing electoral systems and strengthening democratic practices through technology while guaranteeing accountability, openness, accessibility, durability, and sustainable election governance for coming generations.

Keywords - Vote, Biometrics, Embedded system, Election, Authentication, Security.

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1. Ch VR. Arduino based electronic voting system with biometric and GSM features. In2022 4th international conference on smart systems and inventive technology (ICSSIT) 2022 Jan 20 (pp. 685-688). IEEE.
2. Najam SS, Shaikh AZ, Naqvi S. A novel hybrid biometric electronic voting system: Integrating finger print and face recognition. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018 Jan 1;37(1):59-68.
3. Hossain Faruk MJ, Alam F, Islam M, Rahman A. Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Computing. 2024 Jul;27(4):4015-34.
4. Hossain Faruk MJ, Alam F, Islam M, Rahman A. Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Computing. 2024 Jul;27(4):4015-34.
5. Jain AK, Ross A, Prabhakar S. An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. 2004 Jan 30;14(1):4-20.
6. Maltoni D, Maio D, Jain AK, Prabhakar S. Handbook of fingerprint recognition. London: Springer London; 2009 Apr 21.
7. Wayman JL, Jain AK, Maltoni D, Maio D, editors. Biometric systems: Technology, design and performance evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media; 2005 Sep 20.
8. Nandakumar K, Jain AK, Ross A. Fusion in multibiometric identification systems: What about the missing data?. InInternational Conference on Biometrics 2009 Jun 2 (pp. 743-752). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
9. Achary R. Cryptography and Network Security [OP] An Introduction. De Gruyter; 2021 Aug 3.
10. Singh R. The curious case of tweeting an Aadhaar number: trust/mistrust in security practices of public data infrastructures. Journal of Cultural Economy. 2024 Nov 1;17(6):775-92.
11. Shejavali N. Electronic Voting Machines. Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) No. 2014 Oct;1.
12. Kohno T, Stubblefield A, Rubin AD, Wallach DS. Analysis of an electronic voting system. InIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 2004 May 12 (pp. 27-40). IEEE.
13. Chaum D. Secret-ballot receipts: True voter-verifiable elections. IEEE security & privacy. 2004 Feb 19;2(1):38-47.
14. Mursi MF, Assassa GM, Abdelhafez A, Samra KM. On the development of electronic voting: a survey. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2013 Jan 1;61(16).
15. Koblitz N. Elliptic curve cryptosystems. Mathematics of computation. 1987;48(177):203-9.
16. Juels A, Catalano D, Jakobsson M. Coercion-resistant electronic elections. InProceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society 2005 Nov 7 (pp. 61-70).
17. Karlof C, Sastry N, Wagner DA. Cryptographic Voting Protocols: A Systems Perspective. InUSENIX Security Symposium 2005 Aug 5 (Vol. 12, p. 39).
18. Prabhakar S, Pankanti S, Jain AK. Biometric recognition: Security and privacy concerns. IEEE security & privacy. 2003 Apr 8;1(2):33-42.
19. Jain AK, Ross A, Pankanti S. Biometrics: a tool for information security. IEEE transactions on information forensics and security. 2006 Jun 5;1(2):125-43.
20. Rivest RL, Smith WD. Three voting protocols: ThreeBallot, VAV, and Twin. USENIX/ACCURATE Electronic Voting Technology (EVT 2007). 2007 Aug 6.
21. Nurmi H. Voting theory. Ine-Democracy: A Group Decision and Negotiation Perspective 2010 Aug 20 (pp. 101-123). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
22. Agarwal S, Haider A, Jamwal A, Dev P, Chandel R. Biometric based secured remote electronic voting system. In2020 7th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS) 2020 Jul 23 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
23. Ahmed A. Design of secure electronic voting system using fingerprint biometrics and CryptoWatermarking approach. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business. 2016 Jan 1.
24. Khasawneh M, Malkawi M, Al-Jarrah O, Barakat L, Hayajneh TS, Ebaid MS. A biometric-secure e-voting system for election processes. In2008 5th international symposium on mechatronics and its applications 2008 May 27 (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
25. Ohize HO, Onumanyi AJ, Umar BU, Ajao LA, Isah RO, Dogo EM, Nuhu BK, Olaniyi OM, Ambafi JG, Sheidu VB, Ibrahim MM. Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges. Cluster Computing. 2025 Apr;28(2):132.

Election integrity and openness are essential components of democratic governance. Voter impersonation, duplicate voting, and the absence of real-time verification are common problems with traditional voting systems, including paper-based and electronic voting machines. This paper proposes a secure and efficient Biometric Voting System that leverages biometric authentication techniques, such as fingerprint or iris recognition, to ensure the uniqueness and authenticity of each voter. The system integrates a centralized database containing registered voters’ biometric data, which is used for real-time identity verification at polling stations. Upon successful authentication, the voter is allowed to cast their vote, and the system ensures that no individual can vote more than once. The proposed model enhances security by minimizing human intervention and reducing electoral fraud. Additionally, it improves efficiency by speeding up the voting process and simplifying voter verification. The implementation of this system using embedded platforms and secure communication protocols ensures scalability and reliability for large-scale elections. Experimental results indicate that the biometric voting system significantly reduces errors and enhances voter confidence compared to conventional methods. This approach offers a promising solution for modernizing electoral systems and strengthening democratic practices through technology while guaranteeing accountability, openness, accessibility, durability, and sustainable election governance for coming generations.

Keywords - Vote, Biometrics, Embedded system, Election, Authentication, Security.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Ch VR. Arduino based electronic voting system with biometric and GSM features. In2022 4th international conference on smart systems and inventive technology (ICSSIT) 2022 Jan 20 (pp. 685-688). IEEE.
2. Najam SS, Shaikh AZ, Naqvi S. A novel hybrid biometric electronic voting system: Integrating finger print and face recognition. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018 Jan 1;37(1):59-68.
3. Hossain Faruk MJ, Alam F, Islam M, Rahman A. Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Computing. 2024 Jul;27(4):4015-34.
4. Hossain Faruk MJ, Alam F, Islam M, Rahman A. Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Computing. 2024 Jul;27(4):4015-34.
5. Jain AK, Ross A, Prabhakar S. An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology. 2004 Jan 30;14(1):4-20.
6. Maltoni D, Maio D, Jain AK, Prabhakar S. Handbook of fingerprint recognition. London: Springer London; 2009 Apr 21.
7. Wayman JL, Jain AK, Maltoni D, Maio D, editors. Biometric systems: Technology, design and performance evaluation. Springer Science & Business Media; 2005 Sep 20.
8. Nandakumar K, Jain AK, Ross A. Fusion in multibiometric identification systems: What about the missing data?. InInternational Conference on Biometrics 2009 Jun 2 (pp. 743-752). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
9. Achary R. Cryptography and Network Security [OP] An Introduction. De Gruyter; 2021 Aug 3.
10. Singh R. The curious case of tweeting an Aadhaar number: trust/mistrust in security practices of public data infrastructures. Journal of Cultural Economy. 2024 Nov 1;17(6):775-92.
11. Shejavali N. Electronic Voting Machines. Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) No. 2014 Oct;1.
12. Kohno T, Stubblefield A, Rubin AD, Wallach DS. Analysis of an electronic voting system. InIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 2004 May 12 (pp. 27-40). IEEE.
13. Chaum D. Secret-ballot receipts: True voter-verifiable elections. IEEE security & privacy. 2004 Feb 19;2(1):38-47.
14. Mursi MF, Assassa GM, Abdelhafez A, Samra KM. On the development of electronic voting: a survey. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2013 Jan 1;61(16).
15. Koblitz N. Elliptic curve cryptosystems. Mathematics of computation. 1987;48(177):203-9.
16. Juels A, Catalano D, Jakobsson M. Coercion-resistant electronic elections. InProceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society 2005 Nov 7 (pp. 61-70).
17. Karlof C, Sastry N, Wagner DA. Cryptographic Voting Protocols: A Systems Perspective. InUSENIX Security Symposium 2005 Aug 5 (Vol. 12, p. 39).
18. Prabhakar S, Pankanti S, Jain AK. Biometric recognition: Security and privacy concerns. IEEE security & privacy. 2003 Apr 8;1(2):33-42.
19. Jain AK, Ross A, Pankanti S. Biometrics: a tool for information security. IEEE transactions on information forensics and security. 2006 Jun 5;1(2):125-43.
20. Rivest RL, Smith WD. Three voting protocols: ThreeBallot, VAV, and Twin. USENIX/ACCURATE Electronic Voting Technology (EVT 2007). 2007 Aug 6.
21. Nurmi H. Voting theory. Ine-Democracy: A Group Decision and Negotiation Perspective 2010 Aug 20 (pp. 101-123). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
22. Agarwal S, Haider A, Jamwal A, Dev P, Chandel R. Biometric based secured remote electronic voting system. In2020 7th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS) 2020 Jul 23 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
23. Ahmed A. Design of secure electronic voting system using fingerprint biometrics and CryptoWatermarking approach. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business. 2016 Jan 1.
24. Khasawneh M, Malkawi M, Al-Jarrah O, Barakat L, Hayajneh TS, Ebaid MS. A biometric-secure e-voting system for election processes. In2008 5th international symposium on mechatronics and its applications 2008 May 27 (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
25. Ohize HO, Onumanyi AJ, Umar BU, Ajao LA, Isah RO, Dogo EM, Nuhu BK, Olaniyi OM, Ambafi JG, Sheidu VB, Ibrahim MM. Blockchain for securing electronic voting systems: a survey of architectures, trends, solutions, and challenges. Cluster Computing. 2025 Apr;28(2):132.