Untreated industrial waste discharges emitted into the environment have a negative impact on all components of the ecosystem, especially the soil properties.  The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of heavy metal concentrations present in asphalt plant discharges on the soil properties, photosynthetic activities and agromorphology of the vegetable plants. Soil samples used for the experiment were collected from Federal University of Technology Owerri Botanical Garden. The physicochemical properties of the soils were determined and the heavy metal (Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Hg and As) concentrations in the soils were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The seeds of Corchorus olitorius, Cucurbita moschata and Solanun macrocarpon were   grown in screen house with 3 kg of the soils in polythene bags.  The control was watered with tap water (350m/L) while treatment was watered with (100% of 350 m/L) asphalt plant discharge water three times in a week for a duration of 20 weeks. Five sterilized seeds were grown in each polythene bag replicated five times. The polythene bags were laid out in a completely randomized experimental design. The results showed that asphalt plant discharge water had effects on the soils physicochemical parameters, agromorphology and photosynthesis based on the treatments from different study locations. The parameters of the treatments measured were significantly difference (P< 0.05) from the control. Generally, the asphalt plant discharge water altered the soil physicochemical properties, caused reduction in the agromorphological parameters as well as photosynthesis. Therefore, there is a need to properly treat industrial discharges before emission into the environment.

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1. Ewubare PO, Onosteike Aliyu S, Michael I, Osebhajimede Ejakhaegbe J, Obomejero J, Osarodion Okoro S, Olukayode OJ. An Academic Review on Heavy Metals in the Environment: Effects on Soil, PlantsHuman Health, and Possible Solutions. American Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics (AJEE). 2024;3(1):70-81.
2. Hafeez A, Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Qureshi FF, Hussain I, Iqbal M. Effect of heavy metals on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of plants. InPlants and their interaction to environmental pollution 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 139-159). Elsevier.
3. Sun W, Wang H. Moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesion energy of asphalt on aggregate surface: A molecular dynamics study. Applied Surface Science. 2020 Apr 30;510:145435.
4. Holý M, Remišová E. Analysis of influence of bitumen composition on the properties represented by empirical and viscosity test. Transportation Research Procedia. 2019 Jan 1;40:34-41.
5. Florkova Z, Sedivy S, Pastorkova J. The environmental impact of asphalt mixtures production for road infrastructure. InIOP conference series: materials science and engineering 2021 (Vol. 1015, No. 1, p. 012097). IOP Publishing.
6. Kyere VN, Greve K, Atiemo SM, Ephraim J. Spatial assessment of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soils from informal e-waste recycling in Ghana. Environmental health and toxicology. 2017 Oct 17;32:e2017018.
7. Mehta S, Gogna M, Singh B, Patra A, Singh IK, Singh A. Silicon: a plant nutritional “non-entity” for mitigating abiotic stresses. Plant stress biology: strategies and trends. 2020:17-49.
8. Alengebawy A, Abdelkhalek ST, Qureshi SR, Wang MQ. Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics. 2021 Feb 25;9(3):42.
9. Shahid M, Khalid S, Abbas G, Shahid N, Nadeem M, Sabir M, Aslam M, Dumat C. Heavy metal stress and crop productivity. Crop production and global environmental issues. 2015:1-25.
10. Harguinteguy CA, Cofré MN, Fernández-Cirelli A, Pignata ML. The macrophytes Potamogeton pusillus L. and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. as potential bioindicators of a river contaminated by heavy metals. Microchemical Journal. 2016 Jan 1;124:228-34.
11. Ismael MA, Elyamine AM, Moussa MG, Cai M, Zhao X, Hu C. Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics. 2019 Feb;11(2):255-77.
12. Ahmad R, Ali S, Rizwan M, Dawood M, Farid M, Hussain A, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium stress on cauliflower by restricting its uptake and enhancing antioxidative system. Physiologia plantarum. 2020 Feb;168(2):289-300.
13. Shourie A. Effect of Cadmium and Lead Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Jatropha curcas L. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 2022 Sep 29;19(3):671-8.
14. Sun Z, Hu Y, Cheng H. Public health risk of toxic metal (loid) pollution to the population living near an abandoned small-scale polymetallic mine. Science of the total environment. 2020 May 20;718:137434.
15. Hu Z, Zhao C, Li Q, Feng Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Ying R, Yin A, Ji W. Heavy metals can affect plant morphology and limit plant growth and photosynthesis processes. Agronomy. 2023 Oct 12;13(10):2601.
16. Leng Y, Li Y, Ma YH, He LF, Li SW. Abscisic acid modulates differential physiological and biochemical responses of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings to cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021 Feb;28(5):6030-43.
17. Qi Y, Guan X, He J, Fu G, Cao M, Zhao CY, Zhu JF, Li JS. Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tidal Flats in Yellow River Delta. China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020;43:229-36.
18. Welz B, Sperling M. Atomic absorption spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons; 2008 Nov 21.
19. Natasha, Shahid M, Khalid S, Murtaza B, Anwar H, Shah AH, Sardar A, Shabbir Z, Niazi NK. A critical analysis of wastewater use in agriculture and associated health risks in Pakistan. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2020:1-20.
20. Yadav B, Jogawat A, Lal SK, Lakra N, Mehta S, Shabek N, Narayan OP. Plant mineral transport systems and the potential for crop improvement. Planta. 2021 Feb;253:1-30.
21. Pouresmaieli M, Ataei M, Forouzandeh P, Azizollahi P, Mahmoudifard M. Recent progress on sustainable phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022 Oct 1;10(5):108482.
22. Maclean, R.1965. Methods in cell biology. .Adv.Agronom. 45, p.1-49.
23. Liang Y, Urano D, Liao KL, Hedrick TL, Gao Y, Jones AM. A nondestructive method to estimate the chlorophyll content of Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant methods. 2017 Dec;13:1-0.
24. Gbarabe R, Emmanuel EN. EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL POLLUTION ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) IN OBIO AKPA, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA. Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development. 2021;1(1):11-21.
25. Nwadinigwe CC, Nzekwe U, Ugwanyi S, Adeosun CA. The effect of spent engine oil on some vegetative parameters of Eichhornia crassipes. Nigerian Journal of Botany. 2019;32(2).
26. Onwukeme VI, Okechukwu VU. Leaching matrix of selected heavy metals from soil to ground water sources in active dumpsites: A case study of Southern Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci, Toxicol Food Technol. 2021;15(4):1-8.
27. MBAEGBU GI, IHEM EE, OKON MA, AKAKURU OC. Impact of waste dumps on soil and groundwater quality in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Journal. 2024 Mar 31;3(1):113-21.
28. Zhang G, Liu T, Li H, Wang Z, Huang X, Yi X, Yan D. Experimental study on the effects of heavy metal pollution on soil physical properties and microstructure evolution. Applied Sciences. 2024 Feb 29;14(5):2022.
29. Pandey N, Kamboj N. Consequences of soil quality on crop yield: an update. Indian Journal of Ecology. 2022;49(4):1406-16.
30. Okorie MN, Okechukwu VU, Omokpariola DO. Physicochemical properties and health risk assessment of selected heavy metals from soil and borehole water in Ifite-Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Discover Applied Sciences. 2024 Mar 4;6(3):108.
31. Onoyima, C., C & Okibe, f., G (2021). Multivaraiante analysis of the physicochemical properties of soil in selected locations of the floodplain of rivers Kaduna in Niger State Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 27: 279-288
32. Redko V, Wolska L, Olkowska E, Tankiewicz M, Cieszyńska-Semenowicz M. Long-Term polyethylene (bio) degradation in landfill: Environmental and human health implications from comprehensive analysis. 2024 May 25;29(11):2499.
33. Crnobrna B, Llanqui IB, Cardenas AD, Panduro Pisco G. Relationships between organic matter and bulk density in Amazonian peatland soils. 2022 Sep 24;14(19):12070.
34. Mogashane TM, Mokoena L, Tshilongo J. A Review on Recent Developments in the Extraction and Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Water. 2024 Sep 5;16(17):2520.
35. Udeh, N.P, Ikegwuonu, A.C., Okeke, O.A, Obudulu, C., Okafor, K.P & Egwuagu, C.C. (2021). Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals contents in soils and cassava plants from farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. Asian Journal Resources of Zoology, 4(3):37–43. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIZ/2021/v4i330118.
36. Ghare PM, Kumbhar AP. Study on physico chemical parameters of soil sample. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2021;8(9):171-87.
37. Edwin N, Obasi DO, Offor CE, Obasi JN, Ekoh OC. Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil Samples from Ishielu LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2022 Aug 15;47(4).
38. Brown I, Ogboeli GP. Planning Implications of the Effect of Crude Oil Pollution on Germination and Growth Parameters of Mucuna Pruriens (Var Cochinchinesis) Fabacea in Rivers State, Nigeria.
39. Osunmakinde CO, Selvarajan R, Mamba B, Msagati TA. Viral Communities Distribution and Diversity in a Wastewater Treatment Plants Using High-throughput Sequencing Analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2021 Jul 1;30(4).
40. World Health Organization (WHO). Permissible limits of heavy metals in soil and plants. Geneva, Switzerland. 1996.
41. Sagagi BS, Bello AM, Danyaya HA. Assessment of accumulation of heavy metals in soil, irrigation water, and vegetative parts of lettuce and cabbage grown along Wawan Rafi, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2022 Oct;194(10):699.
42. Bartels, B. & Boardi, M. (2023). Determination of levels of heavy metals in soils at Suame Magazine. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 8(4), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.
43. Orosun MM, Inuyomi SO, Usikalu MR, Okoro HK, Louis H, Omeje M, Ehinlafa EO, Oyewumi KJ. Heavy metal contamination of selected mining fields in North-Central Nigeria. MethodsX. 2023 Jan 1;10:102201.
44. Nwosu FO, Olulegan YO, Olayinka OD, Fabiyi SF. Investigation of pollution levels of soils within Petroleum Depots in Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2021 Sep 12;46(4).
45. Yahaya T, Umar A, Abubakar M, Abdulazeez A, Musa B, Ibrahim Y. Heavy metals in the soil around a cement company in Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria pose health risks. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management. 2023 Feb 12;3(1):17-26.
46. Alagoa KJ, Charles EE, Kariye E (2023). Cassava processing and heavy metal concentrations in soils of the riverine community Toru-Ebeni, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental toxicology, 7 : 123- 134
47. FAO W. Condex alimentarius commission, food additives and contaminants. Joint FAO. WHO. Food Standards Progr Alinorm. 2001;10(12A):1-289.
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Untreated industrial waste discharges emitted into the environment have a negative impact on all components of the ecosystem, especially the soil properties.  The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of heavy metal concentrations present in asphalt plant discharges on the soil properties, photosynthetic activities and agromorphology of the vegetable plants. Soil samples used for the experiment were collected from Federal University of Technology Owerri Botanical Garden. The physicochemical properties of the soils were determined and the heavy metal (Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Hg and As) concentrations in the soils were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The seeds of Corchorus olitorius, Cucurbita moschata and Solanun macrocarpon were   grown in screen house with 3 kg of the soils in polythene bags.  The control was watered with tap water (350m/L) while treatment was watered with (100% of 350 m/L) asphalt plant discharge water three times in a week for a duration of 20 weeks. Five sterilized seeds were grown in each polythene bag replicated five times. The polythene bags were laid out in a completely randomized experimental design. The results showed that asphalt plant discharge water had effects on the soils physicochemical parameters, agromorphology and photosynthesis based on the treatments from different study locations. The parameters of the treatments measured were significantly difference (P< 0.05) from the control. Generally, the asphalt plant discharge water altered the soil physicochemical properties, caused reduction in the agromorphological parameters as well as photosynthesis. Therefore, there is a need to properly treat industrial discharges before emission into the environment.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Ewubare PO, Onosteike Aliyu S, Michael I, Osebhajimede Ejakhaegbe J, Obomejero J, Osarodion Okoro S, Olukayode OJ. An Academic Review on Heavy Metals in the Environment: Effects on Soil, PlantsHuman Health, and Possible Solutions. American Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics (AJEE). 2024;3(1):70-81.
2. Hafeez A, Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Qureshi FF, Hussain I, Iqbal M. Effect of heavy metals on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of plants. InPlants and their interaction to environmental pollution 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 139-159). Elsevier.
3. Sun W, Wang H. Moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesion energy of asphalt on aggregate surface: A molecular dynamics study. Applied Surface Science. 2020 Apr 30;510:145435.
4. Holý M, Remišová E. Analysis of influence of bitumen composition on the properties represented by empirical and viscosity test. Transportation Research Procedia. 2019 Jan 1;40:34-41.
5. Florkova Z, Sedivy S, Pastorkova J. The environmental impact of asphalt mixtures production for road infrastructure. InIOP conference series: materials science and engineering 2021 (Vol. 1015, No. 1, p. 012097). IOP Publishing.
6. Kyere VN, Greve K, Atiemo SM, Ephraim J. Spatial assessment of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soils from informal e-waste recycling in Ghana. Environmental health and toxicology. 2017 Oct 17;32:e2017018.
7. Mehta S, Gogna M, Singh B, Patra A, Singh IK, Singh A. Silicon: a plant nutritional “non-entity” for mitigating abiotic stresses. Plant stress biology: strategies and trends. 2020:17-49.
8. Alengebawy A, Abdelkhalek ST, Qureshi SR, Wang MQ. Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics. 2021 Feb 25;9(3):42.
9. Shahid M, Khalid S, Abbas G, Shahid N, Nadeem M, Sabir M, Aslam M, Dumat C. Heavy metal stress and crop productivity. Crop production and global environmental issues. 2015:1-25.
10. Harguinteguy CA, Cofré MN, Fernández-Cirelli A, Pignata ML. The macrophytes Potamogeton pusillus L. and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. as potential bioindicators of a river contaminated by heavy metals. Microchemical Journal. 2016 Jan 1;124:228-34.
11. Ismael MA, Elyamine AM, Moussa MG, Cai M, Zhao X, Hu C. Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics. 2019 Feb;11(2):255-77.
12. Ahmad R, Ali S, Rizwan M, Dawood M, Farid M, Hussain A, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium stress on cauliflower by restricting its uptake and enhancing antioxidative system. Physiologia plantarum. 2020 Feb;168(2):289-300.
13. Shourie A. Effect of Cadmium and Lead Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Jatropha curcas L. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 2022 Sep 29;19(3):671-8.
14. Sun Z, Hu Y, Cheng H. Public health risk of toxic metal (loid) pollution to the population living near an abandoned small-scale polymetallic mine. Science of the total environment. 2020 May 20;718:137434.
15. Hu Z, Zhao C, Li Q, Feng Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Ying R, Yin A, Ji W. Heavy metals can affect plant morphology and limit plant growth and photosynthesis processes. Agronomy. 2023 Oct 12;13(10):2601.
16. Leng Y, Li Y, Ma YH, He LF, Li SW. Abscisic acid modulates differential physiological and biochemical responses of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings to cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021 Feb;28(5):6030-43.
17. Qi Y, Guan X, He J, Fu G, Cao M, Zhao CY, Zhu JF, Li JS. Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tidal Flats in Yellow River Delta. China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020;43:229-36.
18. Welz B, Sperling M. Atomic absorption spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons; 2008 Nov 21.
19. Natasha, Shahid M, Khalid S, Murtaza B, Anwar H, Shah AH, Sardar A, Shabbir Z, Niazi NK. A critical analysis of wastewater use in agriculture and associated health risks in Pakistan. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2020:1-20.
20. Yadav B, Jogawat A, Lal SK, Lakra N, Mehta S, Shabek N, Narayan OP. Plant mineral transport systems and the potential for crop improvement. Planta. 2021 Feb;253:1-30.
21. Pouresmaieli M, Ataei M, Forouzandeh P, Azizollahi P, Mahmoudifard M. Recent progress on sustainable phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2022 Oct 1;10(5):108482.
22. Maclean, R.1965. Methods in cell biology. .Adv.Agronom. 45, p.1-49.
23. Liang Y, Urano D, Liao KL, Hedrick TL, Gao Y, Jones AM. A nondestructive method to estimate the chlorophyll content of Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant methods. 2017 Dec;13:1-0.
24. Gbarabe R, Emmanuel EN. EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL POLLUTION ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) IN OBIO AKPA, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA. Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development. 2021;1(1):11-21.
25. Nwadinigwe CC, Nzekwe U, Ugwanyi S, Adeosun CA. The effect of spent engine oil on some vegetative parameters of Eichhornia crassipes. Nigerian Journal of Botany. 2019;32(2).
26. Onwukeme VI, Okechukwu VU. Leaching matrix of selected heavy metals from soil to ground water sources in active dumpsites: A case study of Southern Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci, Toxicol Food Technol. 2021;15(4):1-8.
27. MBAEGBU GI, IHEM EE, OKON MA, AKAKURU OC. Impact of waste dumps on soil and groundwater quality in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Journal. 2024 Mar 31;3(1):113-21.
28. Zhang G, Liu T, Li H, Wang Z, Huang X, Yi X, Yan D. Experimental study on the effects of heavy metal pollution on soil physical properties and microstructure evolution. Applied Sciences. 2024 Feb 29;14(5):2022.
29. Pandey N, Kamboj N. Consequences of soil quality on crop yield: an update. Indian Journal of Ecology. 2022;49(4):1406-16.
30. Okorie MN, Okechukwu VU, Omokpariola DO. Physicochemical properties and health risk assessment of selected heavy metals from soil and borehole water in Ifite-Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Discover Applied Sciences. 2024 Mar 4;6(3):108.
31. Onoyima, C., C & Okibe, f., G (2021). Multivaraiante analysis of the physicochemical properties of soil in selected locations of the floodplain of rivers Kaduna in Niger State Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 27: 279-288
32. Redko V, Wolska L, Olkowska E, Tankiewicz M, Cieszyńska-Semenowicz M. Long-Term polyethylene (bio) degradation in landfill: Environmental and human health implications from comprehensive analysis. 2024 May 25;29(11):2499.
33. Crnobrna B, Llanqui IB, Cardenas AD, Panduro Pisco G. Relationships between organic matter and bulk density in Amazonian peatland soils. 2022 Sep 24;14(19):12070.
34. Mogashane TM, Mokoena L, Tshilongo J. A Review on Recent Developments in the Extraction and Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Water. 2024 Sep 5;16(17):2520.
35. Udeh, N.P, Ikegwuonu, A.C., Okeke, O.A, Obudulu, C., Okafor, K.P & Egwuagu, C.C. (2021). Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals contents in soils and cassava plants from farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. Asian Journal Resources of Zoology, 4(3):37–43. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIZ/2021/v4i330118.
36. Ghare PM, Kumbhar AP. Study on physico chemical parameters of soil sample. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2021;8(9):171-87.
37. Edwin N, Obasi DO, Offor CE, Obasi JN, Ekoh OC. Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil Samples from Ishielu LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2022 Aug 15;47(4).
38. Brown I, Ogboeli GP. Planning Implications of the Effect of Crude Oil Pollution on Germination and Growth Parameters of Mucuna Pruriens (Var Cochinchinesis) Fabacea in Rivers State, Nigeria.
39. Osunmakinde CO, Selvarajan R, Mamba B, Msagati TA. Viral Communities Distribution and Diversity in a Wastewater Treatment Plants Using High-throughput Sequencing Analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2021 Jul 1;30(4).
40. World Health Organization (WHO). Permissible limits of heavy metals in soil and plants. Geneva, Switzerland. 1996.
41. Sagagi BS, Bello AM, Danyaya HA. Assessment of accumulation of heavy metals in soil, irrigation water, and vegetative parts of lettuce and cabbage grown along Wawan Rafi, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2022 Oct;194(10):699.
42. Bartels, B. & Boardi, M. (2023). Determination of levels of heavy metals in soils at Suame Magazine. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 8(4), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.
43. Orosun MM, Inuyomi SO, Usikalu MR, Okoro HK, Louis H, Omeje M, Ehinlafa EO, Oyewumi KJ. Heavy metal contamination of selected mining fields in North-Central Nigeria. MethodsX. 2023 Jan 1;10:102201.
44. Nwosu FO, Olulegan YO, Olayinka OD, Fabiyi SF. Investigation of pollution levels of soils within Petroleum Depots in Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2021 Sep 12;46(4).
45. Yahaya T, Umar A, Abubakar M, Abdulazeez A, Musa B, Ibrahim Y. Heavy metals in the soil around a cement company in Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria pose health risks. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management. 2023 Feb 12;3(1):17-26.
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