By: Abraham Peter Ukpaka, C. P. Ukpaka, and Victor Chukwuemeka Ukpaka
1Research Student, College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite, Philippines.
2Professor, Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
3Research Student, College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Architecture, Department of Industrial Engineering, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite, Philippines.
This study explores the efficiency, interactions, and dynamics of single-electron systems in the group II family of alkaline earth metals. The efficiency of these systems is assessed by analyzing their energy levels, with beryllium demonstrating the highest efficiency at 3.6 e-22 due to its low atomic mass and favorable energy transitions. The isotopic distribution patterns for these elements reveal how variations in neutron numbers influence their nuclear stability and electronic properties. Mass variations among the elements show that heavier isotopes result in lower energy levels and reduced efficiency. Additionally, the study examines electron dynamics in potential wells, including harmonic oscillators, illustrating the impact of potential energy on electron motion and velocity. These insights provide a comprehensive understanding of how atomic structure and mass affect single-electron system efficiency, with implications for both theoretical research and practical applications in advanced technologies.
Citation:
Refrences:
- Asfaw A, Beauchemin D. Improvement of the capabilities of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry by replacing the desolvation system of an ultrasonic nebulization system with a pre-evaporation tube. Spectrochim Acta B. 2010;65(5):376–384. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2010.03.008.
- Behbehani GK, Bendall SC, Clutter MR, Fantl WJ, Nolan GP. Single-cell mass cytometry adapted to measurements of the cell cycle. Cytometry A. 2012;81(7):552–566. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22075
- Bendall SC, Simonds EF, Qiu P, Amir ED, Krutzik PO, Finck R. Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum. 2011;332(6030):687–696. doi:10.1126/science.1198704.
- Chang Q, Ornatsky OI, Koch CJ, Chaudary N, Marie-Egyptienne DT, Hill RP. Single-cell measurement of the uptake, intratumoral distribution and cell cycle effects of cisplatin using mass cytometry. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):1202–1209. doi:10.1002/ijc.29110.
- Cheng HY, Yin XF, Xu ZG, Wang XZ, Shen H. A simple and demountable capillary microflow nebulizer with a tapered tip for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2011;85(2):794–799. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.020.
- DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, Thompson CB. The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation. Cell Metab. 2008;7(1):11–20. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.002.
- Drescher D, Giesen C, Traub H, Panne U, Kneipp J, Jakubowski N. Quantitative imaging of gold and silver nanoparticles in single eukaryotic cells by laser ablation ICP-MS. Anal Chem. 2012;84(22):9684–9688. doi:10.1021/ac302132f.
- Finney L, Vogt S, Fukai T, Glesne D. Copper and angiogenesis: unravelling a relationship key to cancer progression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;36(1):88–94. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05088.x
- Ho KS, Chan WT. Time-resolved ICP-MS measurement for single-cell analysis and on-line cytometry. J Anal At Spectrom. 2010;25(8):1114–1122. doi:10.1039/c003784h.
- Laborda F, Jiménez-Lamana J, Bolea E, Castillo JR. Selective identification, characterization and determination of dissolved silver(I) and silver nanoparticles based on single particle detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom. 2011;26(7):1362–1371. doi:10.1039/c0ja00239k
- MacDonald RS. The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation. J Nutr. 2000;130(5 Suppl):1500S–1508S. doi:10.1093/jn/130.5.1500S.
- Managh AJ, Edwards SL, Bushell A, Wood KJ, Geissler EK, Hutchinson JA. Single cell tracking of gadolinium labeled CD4+ T cells by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2013;85(21):10627–10634. doi:10.1021/ac4020704.
- Shigeta K, Koellensperger G, Rampler E, Traub H, Rottmann L, Panne U. Sample introduction of single selenized yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by micro droplet generation into an ICP-sector field mass spectrometer for label-free detection of trace elements. J Anal At Spectrom. 2013;28(5):637–645. doi:10.1039/c3ja30310a.
- Sieprawska A, Filek M, Tobiasz A, Walas S, Dudek-Adamska D, Grygo-Szymanko E. Trace elements’ uptake and antioxidant response to excess of manganese in in vitro cells of sensitive and tolerant wheat. Acta Physiol Plant. 2016;38(3):55. doi:10.1007/s11738-016-2075-2.
- Torti SV, Torti FM. Iron and cancer: more ore to be mined. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(5):342–355. doi:10.1038/nrc349.
- Van Malderen SJM, Vergucht E, De Rijcke M, Janssen C, Vincze L, Vanhaecke F. Quantitative determination and subcellular imaging of Cu in single cells via laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry using high-density microarray gelatin standards. Anal Chem. 2016;88(11):5783–5789. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00988.
- Wang HL, Wang B, Wang M, Zheng LN, Chen HQ, Chai ZF. Time-resolved ICP-MS analysis of mineral element contents and distribution patterns in single cells. Analyst. 2015;140(2):523–531. doi:10.1039/c4an01690e.
- Wang H, Wang M, Wang B, Zheng L, Chen H, Chai Z, Feng W. Interrogating the variation of element masses and distribution patterns in single cells using ICP-MS with a high efficiency cell introduction system. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016. doi:10.1007/s00216-016-0130-6.
- Wang M, Zheng LN, Wang B, Chen HQ, Zhao YL, Chai ZF. Quantitative analysis of gold nanoparticles in single cells by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2014;86(20):10252–10256. doi:10.1021/ac502448z.
- Zheng LN, Wang M, Wang B, Chen HQ, Ouyang H, Zhao YL. Determination of quantum dots in single cells by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2013;116:782–787. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.035
- Zunder ER, Lujan E, Goltsev Y, Wernig M, Nolan GP. A continuous molecular roadmap to iPSC reprogramming through progression analysis of single-cell mass cytometry. Cell Stem Cell. 2015;16(3):323–337. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.0