A comparative study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on the knowledge of rural and urban parents regarding parenting styles and their influence on children’s cognitive and emotional development in selected community areas of Kanpur. A quantitative research approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was adopted. The study sample consisted of 60 parents, including 30 from urban and 30 from rural areas, selected through a non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and a structured knowledge questionnaire on parenting styles. The pre-test findings revealed that the majority of urban parents had good knowledge, whereas most rural parents had poor knowledge regarding parenting styles. Following the implementation of the Planned Teaching Program, post-test results showed a marked improvement in knowledge levels among both groups. Urban parents predominantly achieved good to excellent knowledge scores, while rural parents largely attained good knowledge scores. The findings also highlighted variations in demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, income, and family structure between rural and urban parents. A significant improvement in post-test knowledge scores indicated the effectiveness of the Planned Teaching Program in enhancing parental understanding of appropriate parenting styles and their role in children’s cognitive and emotional development. The study concludes that structured parenting education is effective in improving parental knowledge in both rural and urban settings. Such educational interventions can help reduce knowledge gaps, promote positive parenting practices, and contribute to the healthy cognitive and emotional development of children.

Keywords: Cognitive development, emotional development, parenting styles, planned teaching program, rural, and urban parents

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1. Bhandari M, Bhatt V. The effects of parenting styles on children’s cognitive and behavioral development. Int J Res Paediatr Nurs. 2024;6(1):116–118. doi: 10.33545/26641291. v6.i1b.163.
2. Evin V, Mello Laveena D. A study on parenting styles and emotional well-being of youth in Kasaragod, Kerala. Int Res J Mod Eng Technol Sci. 2021;3(3):1049–1057.
3. Berthelon M, Contreras D, Kruger D, Palma MI. Harsh parenting during early childhood and child development. Econ Hum Biol. 2020;36:100831. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100831.
4. Yim EP. Effects of Asian cultural values on parenting style and young children’s perceived competence: Across-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2022 Oct 17;13:905093.
5. Sharma S. Nursing research and statistics. 2nd ed. New Delhi (India): Elsevier India; 2014. p. 100–120.
6. Hurlock EB. Child psychology. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child psychology. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 401–403.
7. Hurlock EB. Child development. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child development. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 208–210.
8. Hurlock EB. Child development. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child development. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 269–271.
9. Rani B, Sidhu N, Sharma N, Kesar A, James SL, Kaur K. A study to assess the knowledge regarding jaundice and its prevention in neonates among antenatal mothers in selected areas Mudh, Jalandhar (Punjab). Int J Pediatr Nurs. 2023 Feb 13;9(1):1–4.
10. Bai Y, Liu B, Wang L, Li M, Zhang S, Dang R, et al. Parenting practices and cognitive development of preschool-aged children: Evidence from rural China. J Child Fam Stud. 2021 Dec;30(12):2980–2991.
11. Chauhan R, Nancy DP. Role of parenting style of mothers of rural India in self-esteem of children. Int J Indian Psychol. 2023;11(1).
12. Khan FU, Rahman F, Rahman Z, Ahmad W. Effect of parenting styles on academic performance: A case study of parents and public sector elementary school children in rural areas. Webology. 2022;19(2):10089.
13. Liu S, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Zhang L, Lai Y, Du B. Analysis of positive parenting styles among rural primary school students' parents: A case study of Qingxi Village, Fujian Province. Humanit Soc Sci Res. 2025 Mar 3;8(1):123.
14. Qi D, Wu L. Different parenting styles and rural children’s mental health: The mediational role of mental resilience. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2024 Aug 1;163:107802.
15. Exploring parenting styles and child development in Aura Amba community, Ethiopia. 2025 Jan 11.
16. Nabachwa B. Demographic factors, parenting styles and socioemotional development: A case of Uganda School for the Deaf, Kampala Capital City [master’s thesis]. Bugema (Uganda): Bugema University; 2019.
17. Evin V, Mello Laveena D. A study on parenting styles and emotional well-being of youth in Kasaragod, Kerala. Int Res J Mod Eng Technol Sci. 2021;3(3):1049–1057.
18. Sahithya BR, Raman V. Parenting style, parental personality, and child temperament in children with anxiety disorders – A clinical study from India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2021 Sep;43(5):382–391.
19. Riany YE, Haslam DM, Sanders M. Parental mood, parenting style and child emotional and behavioral adjustment: Australia–Indonesia cross-cultural study. J Child Fam Stud. 2022 Sep;31(9):2331–2343.
20. Mehr-un-Nisa, Idrees SM, Zahra FN, Naeem NF. Perceived parenting styles and primary attachment styles of single and children living with both parents. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71:1540.
21. Charulatha C, Sinha A. Perceived parenting style and emotional intelligence among late adolescents. Int J Indian Psychol. 2023;11(1).

A comparative study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on the knowledge of rural and urban parents regarding parenting styles and their influence on children’s cognitive and emotional development in selected community areas of Kanpur. A quantitative research approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was adopted. The study sample consisted of 60 parents, including 30 from urban and 30 from rural areas, selected through a non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and a structured knowledge questionnaire on parenting styles. The pre-test findings revealed that the majority of urban parents had good knowledge, whereas most rural parents had poor knowledge regarding parenting styles. Following the implementation of the Planned Teaching Program, post-test results showed a marked improvement in knowledge levels among both groups. Urban parents predominantly achieved good to excellent knowledge scores, while rural parents largely attained good knowledge scores. The findings also highlighted variations in demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, income, and family structure between rural and urban parents. A significant improvement in post-test knowledge scores indicated the effectiveness of the Planned Teaching Program in enhancing parental understanding of appropriate parenting styles and their role in children’s cognitive and emotional development. The study concludes that structured parenting education is effective in improving parental knowledge in both rural and urban settings. Such educational interventions can help reduce knowledge gaps, promote positive parenting practices, and contribute to the healthy cognitive and emotional development of children.

Keywords: Cognitive development, emotional development, parenting styles, planned teaching program, rural, and urban parents

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Bhandari M, Bhatt V. The effects of parenting styles on children’s cognitive and behavioral development. Int J Res Paediatr Nurs. 2024;6(1):116–118. doi: 10.33545/26641291. v6.i1b.163.
2. Evin V, Mello Laveena D. A study on parenting styles and emotional well-being of youth in Kasaragod, Kerala. Int Res J Mod Eng Technol Sci. 2021;3(3):1049–1057.
3. Berthelon M, Contreras D, Kruger D, Palma MI. Harsh parenting during early childhood and child development. Econ Hum Biol. 2020;36:100831. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100831.
4. Yim EP. Effects of Asian cultural values on parenting style and young children’s perceived competence: Across-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2022 Oct 17;13:905093.
5. Sharma S. Nursing research and statistics. 2nd ed. New Delhi (India): Elsevier India; 2014. p. 100–120.
6. Hurlock EB. Child psychology. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child psychology. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 401–403.
7. Hurlock EB. Child development. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child development. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 208–210.
8. Hurlock EB. Child development. In: Hurlock EB, editor. Child development. 6th ed. New York (USA): McGraw-Hill Education; 1978. p. 269–271.
9. Rani B, Sidhu N, Sharma N, Kesar A, James SL, Kaur K. A study to assess the knowledge regarding jaundice and its prevention in neonates among antenatal mothers in selected areas Mudh, Jalandhar (Punjab). Int J Pediatr Nurs. 2023 Feb 13;9(1):1–4.
10. Bai Y, Liu B, Wang L, Li M, Zhang S, Dang R, et al. Parenting practices and cognitive development of preschool-aged children: Evidence from rural China. J Child Fam Stud. 2021 Dec;30(12):2980–2991.
11. Chauhan R, Nancy DP. Role of parenting style of mothers of rural India in self-esteem of children. Int J Indian Psychol. 2023;11(1).
12. Khan FU, Rahman F, Rahman Z, Ahmad W. Effect of parenting styles on academic performance: A case study of parents and public sector elementary school children in rural areas. Webology. 2022;19(2):10089.
13. Liu S, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Zhang L, Lai Y, Du B. Analysis of positive parenting styles among rural primary school students' parents: A case study of Qingxi Village, Fujian Province. Humanit Soc Sci Res. 2025 Mar 3;8(1):123.
14. Qi D, Wu L. Different parenting styles and rural children’s mental health: The mediational role of mental resilience. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2024 Aug 1;163:107802.
15. Exploring parenting styles and child development in Aura Amba community, Ethiopia. 2025 Jan 11.
16. Nabachwa B. Demographic factors, parenting styles and socioemotional development: A case of Uganda School for the Deaf, Kampala Capital City [master’s thesis]. Bugema (Uganda): Bugema University; 2019.
17. Evin V, Mello Laveena D. A study on parenting styles and emotional well-being of youth in Kasaragod, Kerala. Int Res J Mod Eng Technol Sci. 2021;3(3):1049–1057.
18. Sahithya BR, Raman V. Parenting style, parental personality, and child temperament in children with anxiety disorders – A clinical study from India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2021 Sep;43(5):382–391.
19. Riany YE, Haslam DM, Sanders M. Parental mood, parenting style and child emotional and behavioral adjustment: Australia–Indonesia cross-cultural study. J Child Fam Stud. 2022 Sep;31(9):2331–2343.
20. Mehr-un-Nisa, Idrees SM, Zahra FN, Naeem NF. Perceived parenting styles and primary attachment styles of single and children living with both parents. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71:1540.
21. Charulatha C, Sinha A. Perceived parenting style and emotional intelligence among late adolescents. Int J Indian Psychol. 2023;11(1).