Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely recognized for their applications in medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. This study presents a new green synthesis method for Ag NPs using Trapa bispinosa fruit extract as a natural reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Characterization of the synthesized Ag NPs through X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline structure consistent with the face-centered cubic (fcc) arrangement, with peaks at (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222), indicating metallic silver. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups, such as O–H and C–N, which play a key role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 82.93 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an average particle size of 13.36 nm. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated inhibition zones of 6.9 ± 0.22, 9.7 ± 0.45, and 12.9 ± 0.33 mm at 100, 150, and 200 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited no inhibition. This study highlights the potential of Trapa bispinosa fruit extract in Ag NPs synthesis, demonstrating its dual role in nanoparticle production and biomedical applications.

Keywords:Ag NPs, Trapa bispinosa,XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. El-Kady MM, Ansari I, Arora C, Rai N, Soni S, Verma DK, et al. Nanomaterials: A comprehensive review of applications, toxicity, impact, and fate to environment. J Mol Liq. 2023;370:121046. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121046.
2. Prakash P, Gnanaprakasam P, Emmanuel R, Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Mimusops elengi, Linn. for enhanced antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant clinical isolates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013:108:255–259. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.017.
3. Chen Q, Song D, Sun X, Tian Y, Yan Z, Min T, et al. Functional characterization of F3H gene and optimization of dihydrokaempferol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecules. 2024;29(10):2196. doi: 10.3390/molecules29102196.
4. Geoprincy G, Gandhi NN, Renganathan S. Novel antibacterial effects of alumina nanoparticles on Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis in comparison with antibiotics. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4:544–548.
5. Mouriya GK, Mohammed M, Azmi AA, Khairul WM, Karunakaran T, Amirul AA, et al. Green synthesis of Cicer arietinum waste derived silver nanoparticle for antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2023;47:102573..
6. Hasan KF, Xiaoyi L, Shaoqin Z, Horváth PG, Bak M, Bejó L, et al. Functional silver nanoparticles synthesis from sustainable point of view: 2000 to 2023‒A review on game changing materials. Heliyon. 2022;8(12).
7. Ibrahim Khan KS, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian journal of chemistry. 2019;12(7):908–931:e12322. doi: 1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12322.
8. Kavin T, Murugaiyah V, Tan JK, Kassim MN, Ramakrishna S, Vigneswari S. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coffea arabica husk for enhanced antibacterial and anti-cancer applications. Biomass Bioenergy. 2025;194:107625.
9. Gajdács M. The continuing threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(2):52. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics8020052.
10. Behzadi P, Baráth Z, Gajdács M. It is not easy being green: a narrative review on the microbiology, virulence and therapeutic prospects of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(1):42. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10010042.
11. Karmakar UK, Rahman KS, Biswas NN, Islam MA, Ahmed MI, Shill MC, et al. Antidiarrheal, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. fruits. Research J Pharm Tech. 2011;4(2):294–
12. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):520–532. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199808203390806.
13. Yuan YG, Peng QL, Gurunathan S. Effects of silver nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mastitis-infected goats: an alternative approach for antimicrobial therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):569. doi: 10.3390/ijms18030569.
14. Kalishwaralal K, BarathManiKanth S, Pandian SR, Deepak V, Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles impede the biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010;79(2):340–344. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.04.014.
15. Anbu P, Gopinath SC, Yun HS, Lee CG. Temperature-dependent green biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using balloon flower plants and their antibacterial potential. J Mol Struct. 2019;1177:302–309. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.075
16. Desalegn T, Murthy HA, Limeneh YA. Medicinal plant Syzygium guineense (willd.) DC leaf extract mediated green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles: Investigation of their antibacterial activity. Ethiopian J Sci Sustain Develop. 2021;8(1):1–2. doi: 10.20372/ejssdastu:v8.i1.2021.265.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely recognized for their applications in medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. This study presents a new green synthesis method for Ag NPs using Trapa bispinosa fruit extract as a natural reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Characterization of the synthesized Ag NPs through X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline structure consistent with the face-centered cubic (fcc) arrangement, with peaks at (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222), indicating metallic silver. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups, such as O–H and C–N, which play a key role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 82.93 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an average particle size of 13.36 nm. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated inhibition zones of 6.9 ± 0.22, 9.7 ± 0.45, and 12.9 ± 0.33 mm at 100, 150, and 200 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited no inhibition. This study highlights the potential of Trapa bispinosa fruit extract in Ag NPs synthesis, demonstrating its dual role in nanoparticle production and biomedical applications.

Keywords:Ag NPs, Trapa bispinosa,XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. El-Kady MM, Ansari I, Arora C, Rai N, Soni S, Verma DK, et al. Nanomaterials: A comprehensive review of applications, toxicity, impact, and fate to environment. J Mol Liq. 2023;370:121046. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121046.
2. Prakash P, Gnanaprakasam P, Emmanuel R, Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Mimusops elengi, Linn. for enhanced antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant clinical isolates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013:108:255–259. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.017.
3. Chen Q, Song D, Sun X, Tian Y, Yan Z, Min T, et al. Functional characterization of F3H gene and optimization of dihydrokaempferol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecules. 2024;29(10):2196. doi: 10.3390/molecules29102196.
4. Geoprincy G, Gandhi NN, Renganathan S. Novel antibacterial effects of alumina nanoparticles on Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis in comparison with antibiotics. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4:544–548.
5. Mouriya GK, Mohammed M, Azmi AA, Khairul WM, Karunakaran T, Amirul AA, et al. Green synthesis of Cicer arietinum waste derived silver nanoparticle for antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2023;47:102573..
6. Hasan KF, Xiaoyi L, Shaoqin Z, Horváth PG, Bak M, Bejó L, et al. Functional silver nanoparticles synthesis from sustainable point of view: 2000 to 2023‒A review on game changing materials. Heliyon. 2022;8(12).
7. Ibrahim Khan KS, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian journal of chemistry. 2019;12(7):908–931:e12322. doi: 1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12322.
8. Kavin T, Murugaiyah V, Tan JK, Kassim MN, Ramakrishna S, Vigneswari S. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coffea arabica husk for enhanced antibacterial and anti-cancer applications. Biomass Bioenergy. 2025;194:107625.
9. Gajdács M. The continuing threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(2):52. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics8020052.
10. Behzadi P, Baráth Z, Gajdács M. It is not easy being green: a narrative review on the microbiology, virulence and therapeutic prospects of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(1):42. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10010042.
11. Karmakar UK, Rahman KS, Biswas NN, Islam MA, Ahmed MI, Shill MC, et al. Antidiarrheal, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. fruits. Research J Pharm Tech. 2011;4(2):294–
12. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):520–532. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199808203390806.
13. Yuan YG, Peng QL, Gurunathan S. Effects of silver nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mastitis-infected goats: an alternative approach for antimicrobial therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):569. doi: 10.3390/ijms18030569.
14. Kalishwaralal K, BarathManiKanth S, Pandian SR, Deepak V, Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles impede the biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010;79(2):340–344. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.04.014.
15. Anbu P, Gopinath SC, Yun HS, Lee CG. Temperature-dependent green biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using balloon flower plants and their antibacterial potential. J Mol Struct. 2019;1177:302–309. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.075
16. Desalegn T, Murthy HA, Limeneh YA. Medicinal plant Syzygium guineense (willd.) DC leaf extract mediated green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles: Investigation of their antibacterial activity. Ethiopian J Sci Sustain Develop. 2021;8(1):1–2. doi: 10.20372/ejssdastu:v8.i1.2021.265.