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34 articles for “Relay”
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Meta-Heuristic Technique Based Intelligent Overcurrent and Distance Relay Co-ordination with Novel Relay Minimization Technique
Abstract: Relay coordination is an important aspect to maintain proper power system operation and control. Relays must be organized in such a way that every main relay should have a backup relay and co-ordination time interval (CTI) between primary and back up and different zones of the relays should be maintained to achieve proper fault identification and fault clearance sequences. The relays should operate in minimum desirable time satisfying all the …
Published in International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Optimization of Relay Selection Techniques in FSO with PSO Algorithm
Abstract: ABSTRACTFree Space Optics (FSO) is a communique technology that makes use of mild propagating in free space to transmit records among two factors. The technology is useful wherein the physical connections by using the method of fiber optic cables are impractical due to excessive prices or different concerns. It has attracted the attention of researches in the last decade due to its low cost, high data rate and security. In …
Published in International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2019 · pp. 36–41 Read article
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4-Channel Relay Driver Circuit and PCB Design
Abstract: Relay means “the act of passing something from one thing to another” the same thing can beapplied to devices because the signal received from one side of the device controls theswitching operation on the other side. So relay is a switch which controls (open and close)circuits electromagnetically. Relays plays an important role in protection of power systemand are frequently used in our electronic applications especially when we need to drive …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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Modelling of Distance Relays and Impact of TCSC on the Protection of Long Distance Transmission Lines
Abstract: Power system protection is one of the most important and exciting topics, which has been attracting the attention of both academic institutions and utilities ever since the power systems came into being. For the proper operation of the power system, an effective, efficient and reliable protection scheme is desirable. The power system components, which include synchronous machines, bus bars, transformers, transmission lines, distribution systems consisting of complex as well as …
Published in International Journal of Electrical Power System and Technology · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Approaches to Transmission Line Fault Detection Utilizing GPS: An Overview
Abstract: Transmission line protection is essential since 80–86% of power system issues are related to transmission lines. This study suggests a way to classify and identify different types of short circuit faults on transmission lines. There are several operating and fault conditions on high-voltage line transmission, such as L-L fault, single phase to earth fault, and double line fault. Proteus Professional 8 software simulates three fault scenarios: triple line fault, triple …
Published in International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 33–42 Read article
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Strategy and Simulation of Smart Prepaid-PostpaidElectricity Meter with Alarm and Anti-Theft Controller
Abstract: Prepaid electricity meters with electrical protection generally control internal electricity and external electricity theft as whole electricity. Internal electricity theft occurs after the electrical energy is captured by the meter, while external electricity theft occurs before the electrical power reaches the meter. The percentage of electricity revenue was lost due to electricity theft and mismanagement. However, most of these losses are due to electricity theft. Illegal electricity use must be …
Published in International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 12–23 Read article
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Modelling and Simulation of Complex Power System Network to Prevent Blackouts
Abstract: A complex power system network consists of different elements of the power system such as generators, motors, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, relays, circuit breakers etc. In this, a complex network is being modeled and simulated accordingly in order to prevent unwanted blackouts occur due to various climatic as well as system disorders. This aims to prevent such unwanted blackouts that cause very harmful effect to every stage of human …
Published in International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 43–49 Read article
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Microcontroller Based Automatic Power Off & Bill Metering System
Abstract: In this paper, we implemented a system by which we can measure the consumption of electricity and also the system can OFF the device, when it’s not working for longer time. This implemented model is based on embedded system. An embedded system is anything that runs software, which is not a computer. It is a special purpose computer to perform one or few dedicate function. In this system, two operations …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 16–24 Read article
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Motion Detector Using NE555 Timer
Abstract: This article is description about motion detector using NE555 Timer. Passive infrared (PIR) sensor has been automated switches on a device when someone comes close to it, otherwise, accession has been excused to turn on lights when someone has approached specified area i.e. under scriptive installation. Increasing additive scope of scores has been applicability to circuit inclusive of security systems, corridor specific system accusation as well bathroom lights. Accessed scheme …
Published in International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines · Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2021 · pp. 67–73 Read article
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Edge AI-Based Smart Passenger Protection Systemwith Accident Severity Classification andAutonomous SOS Communication
Abstract: This project presents the design and implementation of an Edge AI-Based Smart Passenger Protection System to enhance passenger safety during hazardous situations inside vehicles. The system integrates an MQ-2 gas sensor, an impact sensor, an Edge AI-enabled microcontroller, a two-channel relay module, and a buzzer to provide intelligent and autonomous safety responses in real time. The gas sensor continuously monitors the air quality inside the vehicle cabin, while the Edge …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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GSM based Gas Leakage Detection and Prevention System
Abstract: ABSTRACT Nowadays, amajor problemwith variousindustrial sectors is gasleakage. This problem poses a potential threat to residential buildings and vehicles powered by gases such as Compressed Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas.In order to address this problem, one of the most suitable methods is to depute a gas leakage detection and prevention system at the vulnerable sites. This paper presentsdesign and the development of Electronic hardware that can automatically detect and …
Published in International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication · Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 27–33 Read article
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Power System Faults and Short Circuit Analysis in Balanced and Unbalanced System Considering Renewable Integration: Review
Abstract: Electrical energy scenario is consistently changing every decade drifting more towards the renewable energies then conventional thermal power generating stations. The availability of good quality power at economic considerations is the motive of the nowadays generations. To maintain the voltage or frequency and reliable supply in distribution of power requires the reliable protections equipment’s and their coordination. The function of the protection system is to identify and segregate the unhealthy …
Published in International Journal of Electrical Power System and Technology · Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2021 · pp. 8–14 Read article
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Bluetooth Controlled Car
Abstract: The design and execution of a wireless remote-controlled vehicle that employs Bluetooth technology, generally paired with an Arduino microcontroller, is the focus of this project. The primary aim is to develop a cost-efficient, easily accessible, and user-friendly prototype car, which can be accurately maneuvered in various directions (forward, backward, left, and right) through commands dispatched from a Bluetooth-enabled smart device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In this endeavor, an …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Smart Lux Level Controller for Intelligent Lighting System
Abstract: In order to improve the automation and effectiveness of lighting systems in smart buildings, this research details the development of a Smart Lux Level Controller based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Using a BH1750 light sensor, the system continually measures the ambient lux levels and instantaneously adjusts the artificial lighting intensity to ensure optimal illumination. An ESP32 microcontroller analyzes sensor data and controls lights using relay switches or dimming …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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EXIT Chart Analysis and PerformanceEvaluation of Cooperative NOMA Systems
Abstract: This paper conducts a comprehensive performance analysis of Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems through the application of Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis, a tool widely used for visualizing the iterative decoding process in communication systems. The proposed system integrates Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), Multi-User Detection (MUD), and spreading techniques to enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission. In this cooperative framework, the near user (NU), having stronger …
Published in International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 21–30 Read article
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Blind Assistance System Using Digital Image Processing
Abstract: This paper brings forth state-of-the-art blind assistance, and the system here provides a combination of an OpenCV-based DNN module based on YOLOv3’s algorithm; the system would support real-time object detection, with associated auditory notifications to enable visually impaired individuals to understand their autonomy couched with safety about improved fast recognition of objects allied with auditory responses. The live video captures from a webcam were done and further processed by the …
Published in International Journal of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 13–19 Read article
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Comprehensive Systems Review for Accident Detection, Prevention, and Real-Time Alerting Mechanisms
Abstract: The growth of technology and infrastructure at a rapid pace has made our lives easier. The increased frequency of road accidents and possible traffic dangers brought about by newer technologies has resulted in a significant loss of life and property due to inadequate emergency facilities and preventive measures. The greatest hazard to human life is traffic accidents. High speeds combined with intoxication are the main causes of many accidents. Vehicle …
Published in International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 1–4 Read article
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IoT Applications for Meter Security and Energy Efficiency in Smart Grids
Abstract: This research aims to address the drawbacks of conventional energy billing systems by introducing an affordable Prepaid Energy Meter that uses an ATmega328 microprocessor. The discreteness, inaccuracy, high cost, and sluggish processing of the current systems result in inefficiencies in both labor and time. The susceptibility of traditional invoicing techniques to energy and power theft is a serious problem. By operating under the tenet of "Pay first and then use …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2024 Read article
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IoT Applications for Meter Security and Energy Efficiency in Smart Grids
Abstract: This research aims to address the drawbacks of conventional energy billing systems by introducing an affordable Prepaid Energy Meter that uses an ATmega328 microprocessor. The discreteness, inaccuracy, high cost, and sluggish processing of the current systems result in inefficiencies in both labor and time. The susceptibility of traditional invoicing techniques to energy and power theft is a serious problem. By operating under the tenet of "Pay first and then use …
Published in International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 1–5 Read article
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Trucks Overload Detector and Controlling
Abstract: Trucks going beyond the legal mass bounds upsurge the danger of traffic accidents and damages to the structure. They likewise result in out-of-line rivalry between transport modes and organizations. It is important to guarantee a truck compilation to weight guideline. New innovations are being created for increasingly productive overload screening and requirement. Motion is the new innovation which enables trucks to be said something the traffic stream, with no disturbance …
Published in International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 15–20 Read article