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709 articles for “economical”
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Town and House Planning in India Before Independence
Abstract: This article examines the progression of urban and residential planning in India before its independence in 1947, emphasizing on the socio-cultural, political, and economic factors that influenced urban growth. India’s pre-independence urban planning shows a long history of creative architecture and flexible design. For example, the Indus Valley Civilization had well-planned towns, while the Mughal and British colonial periods had well-planned cities. The research investigates indigenous planning ideas derived from …
Published in International Journal of Town Planning and Management · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 61–72 Read article
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A Walkable Path to Reduce Transport Emission in Commercial Streets: A Case of Putlighar Market in Amritsar City
Abstract: Commercial areas, along with being nodes for economic activities, also act as public spaces supporting various social and recreational activities. The multi-faceted nature of commercial streets demands safe, secure, and comfortable spaces in commercial areas that can be conducive to the social aspect of this land use. Commercial areas are also nodes for carbon emissions, with transport-related emissions in commercial areas providing a significant contribution to the emission profile. This …
Published in International Journal of Town Planning and Management · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 10–21 Read article
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Abuses and Maltreatment Among Elderly Widows – A Descriptive Study Conducted in a Rural Area of Thrissur District in Kerala
Abstract: Elder abuse among widows remains a critical yet under-researched social issue, particularly in rural communities where gender and age-related discrimination are prevalent. This study was conducted in a rural area of the Thrissur district with a sample size of 100 widowed elderly women. The primary objectives were to determine the prevalence of abuse and maltreatment among widows using semi-structured interviews and to explore preventive measures to address such abuses. The …
Published in International Journal of Geriatric Nursing · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Transforming Waste Materials into Electrical Energy
Abstract: Due to the growing issue of waste management and the rising request for energy worldwide, there is a lot of interest in using waste materials for production of electricity. Paper waste, which includes rejected paper goods and industrial byproducts, offers a practical and sustainable alternative to other waste materials. Feedstock for the generation of energy. This paper examines various techniques for producing electricity from paper waste, such as combustion, gasification, …
Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 Read article
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Trends and Problems with Urban Housing in India
Abstract: As India’s cities grow quickly and its population changes, urban housing has become a major issue. More than a third of the population today lives in cities, and that number is expected to reach almost 50% by 2050. This has led to a huge increase in the need for affordable and decent housing. Both opportunities and problems come with this growth. On the one hand, cities are becoming places where …
Published in International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement Planning · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 58–70 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
Abstract: Abstract Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) combine metallic matrices with reinforcing phases (ceramics, intermetallics, fibers, or particles) to achieve superior mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties compared with monolithic metals. This review surveys fabrication routes, reinforcement types, microstructural characteristics, mechanical and tribological behavior, machining challenges, applications across aerospace, automotive, electronics, and future directions including additive manufacturing, in-situ MMCs, and data-driven materials design. Critical challenges such as interface control, scalability, cost, and machinability …
Published in International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–5 Read article
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Carrying Capacity-Based Urban Design Framework to Tackle Overtourism in the Pilgrim Sites of India
Abstract: Overtourism has emerged as a rapidly spreading concept across tourist destinations worldwide. Pilgrim sites, such as Varanasi, Vaishno Devi, and Tirupati, have suffered from the continuous surge of visitors, especially during peak seasons or festivals, causing environmental degradation, choking crowd situations and a lower visitor experience, and decline the quality of life for the residents. This, along with poor infrastructural planning, causes a significant threat to sustainable development in the …
Published in International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 18–33 Read article
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Tall Oil: Production, Applications, Global Market, andFuture Prospects- A Review
Abstract: The global energy demand is experiencing rapid growth due to overpopulation and massive industrialization worldwide. The stringent environmental regulations to minimize fossil fuel reliance have led to a global need to develop renewable and sustainable fuel sources. Hence, industries are increasingly looking towards non-edible oils as natural resources for biofuels, and one such promising feedstock is tall oil, a valuable by-product of the pulping industry obtained through the Kraft process. …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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EROSION OF UNDERLYING SOIL
Abstract: Abstract : To protect underlying soil erosion on which foundation base is provided like apron provided in water retaining structure like dam, weir etc. In flood zone area this apron is provided at foundation base of building, near village which is situated near bank of river underlying soil erosion will be prevented when apron is provided. Near bank of river (village situated) for protection of village near bank of river …
Published in International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 20–25 Read article
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Co-Living Spaces for GEN Z: Sustainable and Socially Interactive Interiors
Abstract: In a time marked by increasing urbanization and changing work patterns, co-living has surfaced as a contemporary housing option that promotes affordability, flexibility, sustainability, and social connections. This dissertation examines the rising attraction of co-living among Generation Z, a group known for its digital proficiency, environmental awareness, and a strong preference for shared experiences. In contrast to conventional housing arrangements, co-living environments blend private or semi-private living spaces with shared …
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 39–63 Read article
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Investigation of Seismic Pounding Effect on Symmetric 10 Storey Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using SAP2000
Abstract: ABSTRACT Earthquakes have historically been responsible for significant structural failures, often resulting in substantial economic losses and endangering human lives. One notable failure mechanism observed during seismic activity is seismic pounding, which occurs when adjacent buildings collide due to insufficient separation gaps. This phenomenon is particularly concerning in densely populated urban areas where space constraints often prevent the provision of adequate clearances between structures. Such impacts can lead to severe …
Published in International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 32–42 Read article
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REVITALIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN NIGERIA THROUGH EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE AND POLICIES
Abstract: ABSTRACT Effective governance and policies play a vital role and essential pathway in the revitalization of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Access to safe water and adequate sanitation remains a critical challenge in Nigeria, undermining public health and socio-economic development. This study aims to explore how politics and governance can be harnessed not as barriers but as catalysts for revitalizing Nigeria’s water and sanitation sector. It investigates the role …
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Engineering · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 38–52 Read article
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INTERVENTIONS OF LEGISLATION AND ENGINEERING REGULATORY BODIES AS A TOOL FOR ADDRESSING WATER RELATED ISSUES IN NIGERIA
Abstract: ABSTRACT Nigeria faces persistent water-related challenges which include inadequate urban water supply, fragmented governance, groundwater pollution, unsustainable abstraction, poor infrastructure operation and maintenance, and weak enforcement of standards. This paper examines how legislation and engineering regulatory bodies when properly designed and applied can be deployed as practical tools to tackle these problems. Using a multi-method approach-a policy analysis, case studies, and interviews with stakeholders-these are the main gaps in enforcement …
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Engineering · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 20–37 Read article
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Comparative Analysis of Equity Considerations in Heritage Preservation Policies Across Different Cultural Contexts: A Case Study with Indian Context
Abstract: This paper offers a comprehensive and multi-layered analysis of how equity principles are robustly integrated into heritage preservation policies across diverse international and national cultural contexts, with a focused and detailed emphasis on India. The core objective is to move significantly beyond conventional, site-focused conservation paradigms to meticulously assess the extent to which existing heritage frameworks actively address fundamental issues of social justice, inclusive governance, and the equitable distribution of …
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Study of Recyclable Thermoset Polymers Using Dynamic Covalent Bonds
Abstract: Thermoset polymers are widely used in advanced engineering applications due to their excellent mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and chemical stability. However, their permanent three-dimensional cross-linked networks make them traditionally non-recyclable, contributing significantly to polymer waste and environmental challenges. In recent years, dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) has emerged as a transformative approach for designing recyclable thermoset materials by incorporating reversible and exchangeable bonds within their structure. This project focuses on the …
Published in International Journal of Energetic Materials · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–10 Read article
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Comprehensive Manufacturing Processes, Chemical Syntheses, and Mass Balance Analyses for Ten Essential Fungicides in Agrochemical Production
Abstract: This research paper presents a detailed examination of the manufacturing processes for ten key fungicides used in agrochemical applications: Amisulbrom, Azoxystrobin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Boscalid, Carboxin, Carpropamid, Cyazofamid, Cyclobutrifluram, and Cyflufenamid. For each fungicide, the synthesis pathways are outlined, including step-by-step chemical reactions, basic chemistry, reactant stoichiometries, and mass calculations based on a standardized production scale of 1000 kg of the final product. Mass balances are provided to account for inputs …
Published in International Journal of Chemical Synthesis and Chemical Reactions · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–21 Read article
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Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Practices to Mitigate Nitrate and Pesticide Contamination in Uttar Pradesh Groundwater
Abstract: Groundwater serves as an indispensable resource for human consumption, agriculture, and industry globally, holding particular significance in India, where it supports over 80% of irrigation in states like Uttar Pradesh. However, the intensification of agricultural practices, characterized by the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, has led to widespread contamination of these vital aquifers. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of the prevalence, primary sources, and multifaceted impacts of …
Published in International Journal of Agrochemistry · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–14 Read article
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Eco-Friendly Chemical Processes: The Role of Green Chemistry in Modern Industries
Abstract: Green chemistry focuses on the development of chemical products and processes that minimize or eliminate hazardous substances, promoting sustainability throughout the chemical life cycle. Unlike environmental chemistry, which studies pollutants, green chemistry proactively designs safer alternatives to prevent environmental damage. This field spans multiple disciplines, including organic, inorganic, analytical, and physical chemistry, with applications across pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, and materials science. The principles of green chemistry, first formulated by Paul Anastas …
Published in International Journal of Green Chemistry · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 14–28 Read article
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Review On Bipolar Plate Geometric Design and Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications
Abstract: Abstract Bipolar plates (BPs) are vital components in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), performing multiple essential functions that directly influence system efficiency, durability, and overall operational performance. They ensure uniform distribution of reactant gases across the active area, provide electrical conductivity between adjacent cells, assist in effective thermal management by dissipating heat generated during electrochemical reactions, and maintain proper sealing to prevent leakage of gases and coolant. Among these …
Published in International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 40–56 Read article
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Lignocellulosic Fibers for Nonwovens: Description, Manufacturing Processes, and Applications
Abstract: The increasing environmental concerns associated with synthetic polymers have prompted a shift towards sustainable alternatives in the textile industry, particularly in nonwoven fabrics. Lignocellulosic fibers, derived from natural plant sources, have emerged as promising candidates due to their excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and lower environmental impact. This study provides a comprehensive examination of lignocellulosic fibers as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic materials in nonwoven textiles. It covers the extraction techniques, properties, …
Published in International Journal of Plant Biotechnology · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 54–87 Read article