Large amounts of produced water are produced in tandem with the production of crude oil. Both dissolved and dispersed oil are present in produced water, which can contaminate the environment and pose health risks to people. In this study, the oil component, cadmium, and lead ions were extracted from the generated water using sesame residues and agricultural wastes. The sesame residues were dried, size-reduced, and ground. Standard techniques were used to produce the biosorbent and remove the lead, cadmium, and oil ions in a batch operation. After 30 minutes of equilibrium time and an initial oil concentration of 435.5 mg/l, biosorption experiments using the sesame pod and stalk demonstrated that both residues can be used to remove crude oil, cadmium, and lead ions from produced water. The removal rates for the sesame pod and stalk were nearly 96.7% and 97.2%, respectively, at an equivalent dosage of 1.0 g per liter of produced water. The findings of testing a number of kinetic models revealed that sesame stalk biosorbent followed a second-order kinetic model, while sesame pod biosorbent followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Conversely, investigations using equilibrium isotherms showed that sesame stalks followed the Temkin isotherm whereas sesame pods followed.

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1. Munirasu S, Haija MA, Banat F. Use of membrane technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment—A review. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2016;100:183–202.
2. Peng B, Yao Z, Wang X, Crombeen M, Sweeney DG, Tam KC. Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of the petroleum industry. Green Energy Environ. 2020;5(1):37–49.
3. Davidson DJ, Andrews J, Pauly D. The effort factor: evaluating the increasing marginal impact of resource extraction over time. Glob Environ Change. 2014;25:63–68.
4. Shamaei L, Khorshidi B, Perdicakis B, Sadrzadeh M. Treatment of oil sands produced water using combined electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation techniques. Sci Total Environ. 2018;645:560–572.
5. Udeagbara SG, Isehunwa SO, Okereke NU, Oguamah IU. Treatment of produced water from Niger Delta oil fields using simultaneous mixture of local materials. J Pet Explor Prod. 2021;11:289–302.
6. Rodriguez AZ, Wang H, Hu L, Zhang Y, Xu P. Treatment of produced water in the Permian Basin for hydraulic fracturing: comparison of different coagulation processes and innovative filter media. Water. 2020;12(3):770.
7. Rashid AH, Hassan AA, Hadi RT, Naje AS. Treatment of oil content in oilfield produced water using chemically modified waste sawdust as biosorbent. EM Int. 2020;26(4):1563–1571.
8. El-Araby HA, Ibrahim AM, Mangood AH, Adel AH. Sesame husk as adsorbent for copper (II) ions removal from aqueous solution. J Geosci Environ Prot. 2017;5(07):109.
9. El-Nafaty UA, Muhammad IM, Abdulsalam S. Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using banana peel. Civ Environ Res. 2013;3(7):125–136.
10. Popoola LT, Yusuff AS, Adeyi AA, Omotara OO. Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from oil well produced water using Citrullus lanatus peel: characterization and optimization. S Afr J Chem Eng. 2022;39(1):19–27.
11. Jiang L, Liang G, Gao Y. Optimization of activated carbons production from sesame stalks using response surface methodology. International Conference on Chemical, Material and Food Engineering. 2015. 118–122. Atlantis Press.
12. Manchisi J, Matinde E, Rowson NA, Simmons MJ, Simate GS, Ndlovu S, Mwewa B. Ironmaking and steelmaking slags as sustainable adsorbents for industrial effluents and wastewater treatment: a critical review of properties, performance, challenges and opportunities. Sustainability. 2020;12(5):2118.
13. Muhammad IM, El-Nafaty UA, Abdulsalam S, Makarfi YI. Removal of oil from oil produced water using eggshell. Civ Environ Res. 2012;2(8):52.
14. Lutfee T, Al-Najar JA, Abdulla FM. Removal of oil from produced water using biosorbent. IOP Confer Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;737(1):012198.
15. Veil JA, Puder MG, Elcock D. A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane. Argonne Natl Lab (US). 2004.
16. Wong S, Ghafar NA, Ngadi N, Razmi FA, Inuwa IM, Mat R, Amin NA. Effective removal of anionic textile dyes using adsorbent synthesized from coffee waste. Sci Rep. 202019;10(1):2928.
17. Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS, El-Toony MM. Integrated treatment for oil-free petroleum produced water using novel resin composite followed by microfiltration. Sep Purif Technol. 2020;234:116058.
18. Eletta OA, Ighalo JO. A review of fish scales as a source of biosorbent for the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. J Res Inf Civ Eng. 2019;16(1):2479–510.
19. Ibrahim TH, Sabri MA, Khamis MI, Elsayed YA, Sara Z, Hafez B. Produced water treatment using olive leaves. Desalin Water Treat. 2017;60:129–136.
20. Ho YS, Porter JF, McKay G. Equilibrium isotherm studies for the sorption of divalent metal ions onto peat: copper, nickel and lead single component systems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2002;141:1–33.
21. Mahmoud NS, Atwa ST, Sakr AK, Abdel Geleel M. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of Ni (II) using spent activated clay mineral. NY Sci J. 2012;5:62–68.
22. Patel R, Suresh S. Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the biosorption of reactive black 5 dye by Aspergillus foetidus. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(1):51–58.
23. Kiran I, Akar T, Ozcan AS, Ozcan A, Tunali S. Biosorption kinetics and isotherm studies of Acid Red 57 by dried Cephalosporium aphidicola cells from aqueous solutions. Biochem Eng J. 2006;31(3):197–203.

Large amounts of produced water are produced in tandem with the production of crude oil. Both dissolved and dispersed oil are present in produced water, which can contaminate the environment and pose health risks to people. In this study, the oil component, cadmium, and lead ions were extracted from the generated water using sesame residues and agricultural wastes. The sesame residues were dried, size-reduced, and ground. Standard techniques were used to produce the biosorbent and remove the lead, cadmium, and oil ions in a batch operation. After 30 minutes of equilibrium time and an initial oil concentration of 435.5 mg/l, biosorption experiments using the sesame pod and stalk demonstrated that both residues can be used to remove crude oil, cadmium, and lead ions from produced water. The removal rates for the sesame pod and stalk were nearly 96.7% and 97.2%, respectively, at an equivalent dosage of 1.0 g per liter of produced water. The findings of testing a number of kinetic models revealed that sesame stalk biosorbent followed a second-order kinetic model, while sesame pod biosorbent followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Conversely, investigations using equilibrium isotherms showed that sesame stalks followed the Temkin isotherm whereas sesame pods followed.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Munirasu S, Haija MA, Banat F. Use of membrane technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment—A review. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2016;100:183–202.
2. Peng B, Yao Z, Wang X, Crombeen M, Sweeney DG, Tam KC. Cellulose-based materials in wastewater treatment of the petroleum industry. Green Energy Environ. 2020;5(1):37–49.
3. Davidson DJ, Andrews J, Pauly D. The effort factor: evaluating the increasing marginal impact of resource extraction over time. Glob Environ Change. 2014;25:63–68.
4. Shamaei L, Khorshidi B, Perdicakis B, Sadrzadeh M. Treatment of oil sands produced water using combined electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation techniques. Sci Total Environ. 2018;645:560–572.
5. Udeagbara SG, Isehunwa SO, Okereke NU, Oguamah IU. Treatment of produced water from Niger Delta oil fields using simultaneous mixture of local materials. J Pet Explor Prod. 2021;11:289–302.
6. Rodriguez AZ, Wang H, Hu L, Zhang Y, Xu P. Treatment of produced water in the Permian Basin for hydraulic fracturing: comparison of different coagulation processes and innovative filter media. Water. 2020;12(3):770.
7. Rashid AH, Hassan AA, Hadi RT, Naje AS. Treatment of oil content in oilfield produced water using chemically modified waste sawdust as biosorbent. EM Int. 2020;26(4):1563–1571.
8. El-Araby HA, Ibrahim AM, Mangood AH, Adel AH. Sesame husk as adsorbent for copper (II) ions removal from aqueous solution. J Geosci Environ Prot. 2017;5(07):109.
9. El-Nafaty UA, Muhammad IM, Abdulsalam S. Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using banana peel. Civ Environ Res. 2013;3(7):125–136.
10. Popoola LT, Yusuff AS, Adeyi AA, Omotara OO. Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from oil well produced water using Citrullus lanatus peel: characterization and optimization. S Afr J Chem Eng. 2022;39(1):19–27.
11. Jiang L, Liang G, Gao Y. Optimization of activated carbons production from sesame stalks using response surface methodology. International Conference on Chemical, Material and Food Engineering. 2015. 118–122. Atlantis Press.
12. Manchisi J, Matinde E, Rowson NA, Simmons MJ, Simate GS, Ndlovu S, Mwewa B. Ironmaking and steelmaking slags as sustainable adsorbents for industrial effluents and wastewater treatment: a critical review of properties, performance, challenges and opportunities. Sustainability. 2020;12(5):2118.
13. Muhammad IM, El-Nafaty UA, Abdulsalam S, Makarfi YI. Removal of oil from oil produced water using eggshell. Civ Environ Res. 2012;2(8):52.
14. Lutfee T, Al-Najar JA, Abdulla FM. Removal of oil from produced water using biosorbent. IOP Confer Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;737(1):012198.
15. Veil JA, Puder MG, Elcock D. A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane. Argonne Natl Lab (US). 2004.
16. Wong S, Ghafar NA, Ngadi N, Razmi FA, Inuwa IM, Mat R, Amin NA. Effective removal of anionic textile dyes using adsorbent synthesized from coffee waste. Sci Rep. 202019;10(1):2928.
17. Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS, El-Toony MM. Integrated treatment for oil-free petroleum produced water using novel resin composite followed by microfiltration. Sep Purif Technol. 2020;234:116058.
18. Eletta OA, Ighalo JO. A review of fish scales as a source of biosorbent for the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. J Res Inf Civ Eng. 2019;16(1):2479–510.
19. Ibrahim TH, Sabri MA, Khamis MI, Elsayed YA, Sara Z, Hafez B. Produced water treatment using olive leaves. Desalin Water Treat. 2017;60:129–136.
20. Ho YS, Porter JF, McKay G. Equilibrium isotherm studies for the sorption of divalent metal ions onto peat: copper, nickel and lead single component systems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2002;141:1–33.
21. Mahmoud NS, Atwa ST, Sakr AK, Abdel Geleel M. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption of Ni (II) using spent activated clay mineral. NY Sci J. 2012;5:62–68.
22. Patel R, Suresh S. Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the biosorption of reactive black 5 dye by Aspergillus foetidus. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(1):51–58.
23. Kiran I, Akar T, Ozcan AS, Ozcan A, Tunali S. Biosorption kinetics and isotherm studies of Acid Red 57 by dried Cephalosporium aphidicola cells from aqueous solutions. Biochem Eng J. 2006;31(3):197–203.