Dapsone structure exposed in the premature twentieth century, German researcher Paul Ehrlich was acquiring notions of discriminating harmfulness established fundamentally on the talent of individual rinses to destroy microorganisms. Gerhard Dumac  is subsequent secured a Nobel Prize intended for his attempts, accomplished a breakthrough in 1932 with the detection of the antiseptic ingredient Prontosil enflamed (actinodin sulfonamide). Additional enquiry of the elements complicated unfastened the technique for a sulfa structure and sulfone rehabilitation, original with the sighting of sulfanilamide, the energetic mediator of Prontosil, with Daniel Buffett besides his squad at the Pasteur Organization (1935), formerly with the detection of dapsone autonomously by Ernest Forteau in France besides Gladwin Battle trendy the United Kingdom.Sulfonamides entertainment as inexpensive decreasing of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase and reduce the creation of tetrahydrofolate in microbial chambers. Tetrahydrofolate is important in both human and bacterial cells as an enzyme coenzyme that provides one-carbon units for the synthesis of pyrimidines, which are essential for DNA synthesis. If DNA and pyrimidine synthesis are inhibited, the cell cannot grow and divide.The discovery of the chemical structure of sulfa drugs had a great impact on the development of pharmaceutical sciences, Photo-biochemistry, especially in the field of skin ointments used to treat skin rashes, eczema, psoriasis, and other purulent inflammatory diseases.Medicinal corporations construct (SO2) and DAP concluded accurate photo-industrial practices, confirming soaring excellence and integrity. These APIs exist then secondhand in the expression of different antibiotic effects, like pills, cases, and interruptions, which are commended by health care specialists to discuss microbial diseases.In overall, sulfonamides and DAP are regard as bio-structure sub-content that performance a fundamental responsibility in preventing bacterial poisons, supporting affected role with actual and directed antibiotic behaviors.

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1. Florian R, Tom L, Petrick  E. Exploring the Supramolecular Interactions and Thermal Stability of Dapsone:Bipyridine Cocrystals by Combining Computational Chemistry with Experimentation. Crystal Growth & Design.2023; 23(6) :4638-4654 . https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00387
2. Chunyang Guo, Qi Zhang, Bingqing Zhu, Zaiyong Zhang, Xiaoyu Ma, Wenjuan Dai, Xiaoyi Gong, Guobin Ren, Xuefeng Mei. Drug–Drug Cocrystals Provide Significant Improvements of Drug Properties in Treatment with Progesterone. Crystal Growth & Design.2020; 20(5): 3053-3063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01688
3. Bianfei X, Singa W, Yanjie Z, Jingwen W, Henry H, Chenguang W, Changquan C, Shing F. Extended Release of Highly Water Soluble Isoniazid Attained through Cocrystallization with Curcumin. Crystal Growth & Design.2020; 20(3): 1951-1960. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01619
4. Altagracia M, Monroy-Noyola A, Osorio-Rico L, Kravzov J, Varado-Calvillo R, Manjarrez-Marmolejo J, Rios C. Dapsone attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures in rats. Neurosci Lett.1994;176 (3):52–54.
5. Anderson R, Gatner EM, van Rensburg CE, Grabow G, Imkamp FM, Kok SK, van Rensburg AJ. In vitro and in vivo effects of dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. Anitmicrob Agents Chemother.1981;19(8):495–503.
6. Anderson R. Enhancement by clofazimine and inhibition by dapsone of production of prostaglandin E2 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.1985;27 (12):257–362.
7. Ashurst JV, Wasson MN, Hauger W, Fritz WT. Pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia. J Am Osteopath Assoc.2010;110(3):16–20.
8. Anping Deng, Yanjie Zhang, Yali Huang, Mei Zhang, Benyong Lou. Preparation, Crystal Structures, and Oral Bioavailability of Two Cocrystals of Emodin with Berberine Chloride. Crystal Growth & Design2018, 18(12) , 7481-7488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01257
9. Beiguelman B, Pisam RC. Effect of DDS on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis.1974;42:412–415.
10. Berlow BA, Liebhaber MI, Dyer Z, Spiegel TM. The effect of dapsone in steroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol.1991;87:710–715.
11. Bernstein JE, Lorincz AL. Sulfonamides and sulfones in dermatologic therapy. Int J Dermatol.1981;20:81–88. ]
12. Bissinger EM, Heinke R, Spannhoff A, Eberlin A, Metzger E, Cura V, Hassenboehler P, Cavarelli J, Schüle R, Bedford MT, Sippl W, Jung M. Acyl derivatives of p-aminosulfonamides and dapsone as new inhibitors of the arginine methyltransferase hPRMT1. Bioorg Med Chem.2011;29:3717–3731.
13. . Blasum C (1998) Untersuchung zur Beinflussung der Interleukin-8-Spiegel in Lipopolysaccharid-stimulierten Vollblut gesunder Probanden durch in der Dermatologie angewandte antiinflammatorische Pharmaka mit antioxidativer Potenz. (Thesis). Technical University, University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Dresden
14. Boehm I, Bauer R, Bieber T. Urticaria treated with dapsone. 1999;54:765–766.
15. Bonney RJ, Wightman PD, Dahlgren ME, Sadowski SJ, Davies P, Jensen N, Lanza T, Humes JL. Inhibition of the release of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lysosomal acid hydrolases from macrophages by selective inhibitors of lecithin biosynthesis. Biochem Pharmacol.1983;32:361–366.
16. Booth SA, Moody CE, Dahl MV, Herron MJ, Nelson RD. Dapsone suppresses integrin-mediated neutrophil adherence function. J Invest Dermatol.1992;98:135–140.
17. Mahmood N. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry.,1 Edt. ,Evincepub Publishing house, 2019., ISBN :978-93-88277-82-2.
18. Egor M. Novikov, Raúl Castañeda, Marina S. Fonari, Tatiana V. Timofeeva. A 1:1 flavone cocrystal with cyclic trimeric perfluoro- o -phenylenemercury. Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications2024, 80(7), 717-720. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989024005346
19. Mahmood N. Reactions and Mechanisms.,1 Edt., IJMRA Publication  ,2018 .,ISBN : 978- 93-87176-25-6 .
20. Matheus ME, de Almeida Violante F, Garden SJ. Isatins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in a mouse macrophage cell line. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007; 556 :200–6.
21. Perro, S. Reculusa, E. Bourgeat-Lami, E. Duguet, S. Ravaine. Synthesis of hybrid colloidal particles: from snowman-like to raspberry-like morphologiesColloids Surf, Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 284 (2006), pp. 78-83.
22. Mahmood N. 2016. Synthesis and Biological Study of Hetero (Atoms and Cycles) Compounds., Der Pharma Chemica, 8,6, 40-48.
23. Pera-Titus, L. Leclercq, J.-M. Clacens, F. De Campo, V.  Nardello-RatajPickering interfacial catalysis for biphasic systems: from emulsion design to green reactions.,Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 54 (7) (2015), pp. 2006-2021
24. Mahmood N. Survey on Methods of Preparation and Cyclization of Heterocycles. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering. 2020; 6(2): 19–36p.
25. Fan, A. Tay, M. Pera-Titus, W.-J. Zhou, S. Benhabbari, X. Feng.Pickering Interfacial Catalysts for solvent-free biomass transformation: physicochemical behavior of non-aqueous emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 427 (2014), pp. 80-90.
26. Casagrande, P. Fabre, E. Raphael, M. Veyssie Janus beads: realization and behavior at water oil interfaces., Europhys. Lett., 9 (3) (1989), pp. 251-255.
27. N Mahmood. Synthesis and Chemical Identification of Macro Compounds of (Thiazol and Imidazol)".,Research J. Pharm. and Tech, 8,1, 78-84., DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00016.5.
28. Li Yang, Jincai Yue, Bo Zhou, Shiqing Zheng. Purification, characterization and study of blue fluorescent substance in caffeine. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology2024, 99(5) , 1225-1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7627
29. N Mahmood. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry., 2019, ISBN :978-93-88277-82-2
30. Nagham M A. Synthesis of Antifungal Chemical Compounds from Fluconazole with (Pharma-Chemical) Studying, Research journal of Pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2017, 8 (3), 564 -573.
31. Mehta SL, Manhas N, Raghubiz R. Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics . Brain Res Rev. 2007;54:34–66.
32. Mahmood N.  Review  on (Azo, Formazane, Sulfazane)-Compounds ., International Journal of Innovations in Scientific Engineering., 2019, Vol. No. 10, Jul-Dec ., 19-45.
33. Faria, M.P. Ruiz, D.E. Resasco .Phase-selective catalysis in emulsions stabilized by Janus silica-nanoparticles., Adv. Synth. Catal., 352 (14-15) (2010), pp. 2359-2364.
34. Naumann d'Alnoncourt, Raoul; Csepei, Lénárd-István; Hävecker, Michael; Girgsdies, Frank; Schuster, Manfred E.; Schlögl, Robert; Trunschke, Annette (2014). "The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts". Journal of Catalysis. 311: 369–385 . doi:1016/j.jcat. 2013.12.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-F434-5 .
35. Mahmood N. Experimental Methods for Preparation of Mannich Bases, Formazan, Normal and Cyclic Sulfur Compounds., 1st edition Evince pub Publishing House;2018, ISBN: 978-93-87905-19-1.
36. Antia C, Baquerizo K, Korman A, Alikhan A, Bernstein JA . "Urticaria: A comprehensive review: Treatment of chronic urticaria, special populations, and disease outcomes". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2018; 79 (4): 617–633. doi:1016/j.jaad.2018.01.023.
37. Liang SE, Hoffmann R, Peterson E, Soter NA . "Use of Dapsone in the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic and Autoimmune Urticaria". JAMA Dermatol., 2019; 155 (1): 90–95 . doi:1001/jamadermatol.2018.3715
38. N Mahmood. Alternative Methods in Organic Synthesis .,1th–Edition, Eliva Press SRL, 2020 ., ISBN: 9798680201176.
39. Mokrani, Touhami; van Reenen, Albert; Amer, Ismael (2015). "Molecular weight and tacticity effect on morphological and mechanical properties of Ziegler–Natta catalyzed isotactic polypropylenes". Polímeros . 25 (6): 556–563. doi:1590/0104-1428.2158.
40. N Mahmood. Survey on Methods of Preparation and Cyclization of Heterocycles. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering. 2020; 6(2): 10–27p.
41. Shireen R. Rasool, N Mahmood, Ali Jassim Al-Zuhairi., Guanine substituted heterocyclic derivatives as bioactive compounds., Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 20, Supplement 2, pp. 3651-3655, 2020 ., DocID: https://connectjournals.com/03896.2020.20.3651.
42. Atheraa Abdul Kadhim Wasaf. (2024). Studying of Thermal, Spectral and Liquid Crystal Properties of New Monomers for Schiff Base Reaction., Al-Harf Journal ., Issue. February, No. 20
43. Dub, Pavel A.; Gordon, John C. (2018). "The role of the metal-bound N–H functionality in Noyori-type molecular catalysts". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (12): 396–408. doi:10 .1038/s41570-018-0049-z.

Dapsone structure exposed in the premature twentieth century, German researcher Paul Ehrlich was acquiring notions of discriminating harmfulness established fundamentally on the talent of individual rinses to destroy microorganisms. Gerhard Dumac  is subsequent secured a Nobel Prize intended for his attempts, accomplished a breakthrough in 1932 with the detection of the antiseptic ingredient Prontosil enflamed (actinodin sulfonamide). Additional enquiry of the elements complicated unfastened the technique for a sulfa structure and sulfone rehabilitation, original with the sighting of sulfanilamide, the energetic mediator of Prontosil, with Daniel Buffett besides his squad at the Pasteur Organization (1935), formerly with the detection of dapsone autonomously by Ernest Forteau in France besides Gladwin Battle trendy the United Kingdom.Sulfonamides entertainment as inexpensive decreasing of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase and reduce the creation of tetrahydrofolate in microbial chambers. Tetrahydrofolate is important in both human and bacterial cells as an enzyme coenzyme that provides one-carbon units for the synthesis of pyrimidines, which are essential for DNA synthesis. If DNA and pyrimidine synthesis are inhibited, the cell cannot grow and divide.The discovery of the chemical structure of sulfa drugs had a great impact on the development of pharmaceutical sciences, Photo-biochemistry, especially in the field of skin ointments used to treat skin rashes, eczema, psoriasis, and other purulent inflammatory diseases.Medicinal corporations construct (SO2) and DAP concluded accurate photo-industrial practices, confirming soaring excellence and integrity. These APIs exist then secondhand in the expression of different antibiotic effects, like pills, cases, and interruptions, which are commended by health care specialists to discuss microbial diseases.In overall, sulfonamides and DAP are regard as bio-structure sub-content that performance a fundamental responsibility in preventing bacterial poisons, supporting affected role with actual and directed antibiotic behaviors.

🔒 This is a subscription article

Full text is available to subscribers and institutional members. Please choose an option below to access it.

1. Florian R, Tom L, Petrick  E. Exploring the Supramolecular Interactions and Thermal Stability of Dapsone:Bipyridine Cocrystals by Combining Computational Chemistry with Experimentation. Crystal Growth & Design.2023; 23(6) :4638-4654 . https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00387
2. Chunyang Guo, Qi Zhang, Bingqing Zhu, Zaiyong Zhang, Xiaoyu Ma, Wenjuan Dai, Xiaoyi Gong, Guobin Ren, Xuefeng Mei. Drug–Drug Cocrystals Provide Significant Improvements of Drug Properties in Treatment with Progesterone. Crystal Growth & Design.2020; 20(5): 3053-3063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01688
3. Bianfei X, Singa W, Yanjie Z, Jingwen W, Henry H, Chenguang W, Changquan C, Shing F. Extended Release of Highly Water Soluble Isoniazid Attained through Cocrystallization with Curcumin. Crystal Growth & Design.2020; 20(3): 1951-1960. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01619
4. Altagracia M, Monroy-Noyola A, Osorio-Rico L, Kravzov J, Varado-Calvillo R, Manjarrez-Marmolejo J, Rios C. Dapsone attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures in rats. Neurosci Lett.1994;176 (3):52–54.
5. Anderson R, Gatner EM, van Rensburg CE, Grabow G, Imkamp FM, Kok SK, van Rensburg AJ. In vitro and in vivo effects of dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. Anitmicrob Agents Chemother.1981;19(8):495–503.
6. Anderson R. Enhancement by clofazimine and inhibition by dapsone of production of prostaglandin E2 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.1985;27 (12):257–362.
7. Ashurst JV, Wasson MN, Hauger W, Fritz WT. Pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia. J Am Osteopath Assoc.2010;110(3):16–20.
8. Anping Deng, Yanjie Zhang, Yali Huang, Mei Zhang, Benyong Lou. Preparation, Crystal Structures, and Oral Bioavailability of Two Cocrystals of Emodin with Berberine Chloride. Crystal Growth & Design2018, 18(12) , 7481-7488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01257
9. Beiguelman B, Pisam RC. Effect of DDS on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis.1974;42:412–415.
10. Berlow BA, Liebhaber MI, Dyer Z, Spiegel TM. The effect of dapsone in steroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol.1991;87:710–715.
11. Bernstein JE, Lorincz AL. Sulfonamides and sulfones in dermatologic therapy. Int J Dermatol.1981;20:81–88. ]
12. Bissinger EM, Heinke R, Spannhoff A, Eberlin A, Metzger E, Cura V, Hassenboehler P, Cavarelli J, Schüle R, Bedford MT, Sippl W, Jung M. Acyl derivatives of p-aminosulfonamides and dapsone as new inhibitors of the arginine methyltransferase hPRMT1. Bioorg Med Chem.2011;29:3717–3731.
13. . Blasum C (1998) Untersuchung zur Beinflussung der Interleukin-8-Spiegel in Lipopolysaccharid-stimulierten Vollblut gesunder Probanden durch in der Dermatologie angewandte antiinflammatorische Pharmaka mit antioxidativer Potenz. (Thesis). Technical University, University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Dresden
14. Boehm I, Bauer R, Bieber T. Urticaria treated with dapsone. 1999;54:765–766.
15. Bonney RJ, Wightman PD, Dahlgren ME, Sadowski SJ, Davies P, Jensen N, Lanza T, Humes JL. Inhibition of the release of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lysosomal acid hydrolases from macrophages by selective inhibitors of lecithin biosynthesis. Biochem Pharmacol.1983;32:361–366.
16. Booth SA, Moody CE, Dahl MV, Herron MJ, Nelson RD. Dapsone suppresses integrin-mediated neutrophil adherence function. J Invest Dermatol.1992;98:135–140.
17. Mahmood N. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry.,1 Edt. ,Evincepub Publishing house, 2019., ISBN :978-93-88277-82-2.
18. Egor M. Novikov, Raúl Castañeda, Marina S. Fonari, Tatiana V. Timofeeva. A 1:1 flavone cocrystal with cyclic trimeric perfluoro- o -phenylenemercury. Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications2024, 80(7), 717-720. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989024005346
19. Mahmood N. Reactions and Mechanisms.,1 Edt., IJMRA Publication  ,2018 .,ISBN : 978- 93-87176-25-6 .
20. Matheus ME, de Almeida Violante F, Garden SJ. Isatins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in a mouse macrophage cell line. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007; 556 :200–6.
21. Perro, S. Reculusa, E. Bourgeat-Lami, E. Duguet, S. Ravaine. Synthesis of hybrid colloidal particles: from snowman-like to raspberry-like morphologiesColloids Surf, Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 284 (2006), pp. 78-83.
22. Mahmood N. 2016. Synthesis and Biological Study of Hetero (Atoms and Cycles) Compounds., Der Pharma Chemica, 8,6, 40-48.
23. Pera-Titus, L. Leclercq, J.-M. Clacens, F. De Campo, V.  Nardello-RatajPickering interfacial catalysis for biphasic systems: from emulsion design to green reactions.,Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 54 (7) (2015), pp. 2006-2021
24. Mahmood N. Survey on Methods of Preparation and Cyclization of Heterocycles. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering. 2020; 6(2): 19–36p.
25. Fan, A. Tay, M. Pera-Titus, W.-J. Zhou, S. Benhabbari, X. Feng.Pickering Interfacial Catalysts for solvent-free biomass transformation: physicochemical behavior of non-aqueous emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 427 (2014), pp. 80-90.
26. Casagrande, P. Fabre, E. Raphael, M. Veyssie Janus beads: realization and behavior at water oil interfaces., Europhys. Lett., 9 (3) (1989), pp. 251-255.
27. N Mahmood. Synthesis and Chemical Identification of Macro Compounds of (Thiazol and Imidazol)".,Research J. Pharm. and Tech, 8,1, 78-84., DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00016.5.
28. Li Yang, Jincai Yue, Bo Zhou, Shiqing Zheng. Purification, characterization and study of blue fluorescent substance in caffeine. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology2024, 99(5) , 1225-1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7627
29. N Mahmood. The Various Preparation Methods in Synthetic Chemistry., 2019, ISBN :978-93-88277-82-2
30. Nagham M A. Synthesis of Antifungal Chemical Compounds from Fluconazole with (Pharma-Chemical) Studying, Research journal of Pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2017, 8 (3), 564 -573.
31. Mehta SL, Manhas N, Raghubiz R. Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics . Brain Res Rev. 2007;54:34–66.
32. Mahmood N.  Review  on (Azo, Formazane, Sulfazane)-Compounds ., International Journal of Innovations in Scientific Engineering., 2019, Vol. No. 10, Jul-Dec ., 19-45.
33. Faria, M.P. Ruiz, D.E. Resasco .Phase-selective catalysis in emulsions stabilized by Janus silica-nanoparticles., Adv. Synth. Catal., 352 (14-15) (2010), pp. 2359-2364.
34. Naumann d'Alnoncourt, Raoul; Csepei, Lénárd-István; Hävecker, Michael; Girgsdies, Frank; Schuster, Manfred E.; Schlögl, Robert; Trunschke, Annette (2014). "The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts". Journal of Catalysis. 311: 369–385 . doi:1016/j.jcat. 2013.12.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-F434-5 .
35. Mahmood N. Experimental Methods for Preparation of Mannich Bases, Formazan, Normal and Cyclic Sulfur Compounds., 1st edition Evince pub Publishing House;2018, ISBN: 978-93-87905-19-1.
36. Antia C, Baquerizo K, Korman A, Alikhan A, Bernstein JA . "Urticaria: A comprehensive review: Treatment of chronic urticaria, special populations, and disease outcomes". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2018; 79 (4): 617–633. doi:1016/j.jaad.2018.01.023.
37. Liang SE, Hoffmann R, Peterson E, Soter NA . "Use of Dapsone in the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic and Autoimmune Urticaria". JAMA Dermatol., 2019; 155 (1): 90–95 . doi:1001/jamadermatol.2018.3715
38. N Mahmood. Alternative Methods in Organic Synthesis .,1th–Edition, Eliva Press SRL, 2020 ., ISBN: 9798680201176.
39. Mokrani, Touhami; van Reenen, Albert; Amer, Ismael (2015). "Molecular weight and tacticity effect on morphological and mechanical properties of Ziegler–Natta catalyzed isotactic polypropylenes". Polímeros . 25 (6): 556–563. doi:1590/0104-1428.2158.
40. N Mahmood. Survey on Methods of Preparation and Cyclization of Heterocycles. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering. 2020; 6(2): 10–27p.
41. Shireen R. Rasool, N Mahmood, Ali Jassim Al-Zuhairi., Guanine substituted heterocyclic derivatives as bioactive compounds., Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 20, Supplement 2, pp. 3651-3655, 2020 ., DocID: https://connectjournals.com/03896.2020.20.3651.
42. Atheraa Abdul Kadhim Wasaf. (2024). Studying of Thermal, Spectral and Liquid Crystal Properties of New Monomers for Schiff Base Reaction., Al-Harf Journal ., Issue. February, No. 20
43. Dub, Pavel A.; Gordon, John C. (2018). "The role of the metal-bound N–H functionality in Noyori-type molecular catalysts". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (12): 396–408. doi:10 .1038/s41570-018-0049-z.